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104 AMATEUR MOVIE MAKING
with a light of inferior intensity, so that while maintaining clearly the form of the shadow, we can also see the detail of the surface upon which the shadow is cast. This gives us "luminous" shadows. In the photograph this effect may be secured without in the least affecting the effectiveness of the shadow itself. The light used for this purpose is known as the secondary light.
Now let us return to a consideration of our front lighting. Here we have a primary light only, and one which is so placed that cast shadows are eliminated. Our perception of form is limited to that disclosed by the tonal gradation only. Thus we perceive the "roundness" or general spherical shape of the features themselves, but we have nothing by which to judge the "elevation" or degree of protuberance of the features from the general level of the face. Thus we have a pseudo-likeness which appears singularly lacking in depth. In other words it appears to be flat, and so striking is this effect that we call such lighting a flat lighting. It is to be avoided above all things, and it is the one primary lighting which can never be successfully used, alone.
In the consideration of other forms of primary lighting it will be noted that each one has some individual characteristic, giving to the subject some definite expression or appearance. In mixed lightings, the subject will be given to some degree the characteristic of the predominating primary lighting.
Let us consider the side-light. This is a strong light, and brings the contours of the subject into strong relief, producing in fact an exaggerated depth. You will also notice that this light makes the subject appear narrower and longer. A round faced person lighted with a strong side light predominating will apparently have a narrower face than in real life. We see here the power of the shadow in producing the illusion of the third dimension. This lighting can be used in certain scenes where strong lighting is needed, such as a person standing in a door or window with the light shining through the opening. The shaded side of the actor will then blend into the shadows producing a striking effect.