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The Development of the Motion Picture Raw Film Industry 53
thus pioneered the manufacture of motion picture film, and has been intimately identified with every step in the photographic development of motion pictures since their inception, /i
Color Pictures
Among these developments is panchromatic negative film, which records all colors in their true black and white relationship, as the emulsion is sensitive to reds and yellows as well as blues and violets. Its use is invaluable when photograi)hing colored sets or costumes and for accurately rendering flesh tints in close-ups.
A large proportion of the more elaborate screen productions of recent releases were made on panchromatic film entirely, and could not have been so pretentiously produced without it.
Although panchromatic film is strongly sensitive to red, yellow and green, it remains more sensitive to blue and violet, especially when photographing by daylight. To correct for this extra sensitiveness to the blue and violet, color filters are used before the lens. These filters consist of thin sheets of dyed gelatin cemented between two pieces of optical glass. Yellow filters are most commonly used with panchromatic film, as they absorb a definite portion of the violet and blue light to which the emulsion is most sensitive, thereby equalizing the exposure for all colors. The result is a more accurate rendering of the tone values of the subject.
Panchromatic film under special treatment can be made hyper-sensitized, which increases the red and green sensitiveness of the film three to four times. By using this hyper-sensitized panchromatic film and a deep red filter,
exterior effects closely resembling those obtained at night can be secured by daylight, thus avoiding the use and expense of elaborate lighting equipment.
In order to obtain more pleasing effects on the screen, prints were often colored in the laboratories by treatment with various chemical solutions. It is now rarely necessary for the laboratories to assume this extra operation, since positive film on tinted support or base has been supplied by the Eastman Kodak Company for several years. This tinted stock is printed and processed in the usual way and is supplied in nine standardized colors.
Use of "Safety Film"
Another development is that of cellulose acetate film, commonly known as Safety Film, for use when pictures are to be projected in homes, schools, churches, factories, lecture and assembly halls. The use of Safety Film does away with the necessity of an enclosed booth and trained projectionist.
Eastman Safety Film is also used in the portable amateur motion picture cameras, where its width is 16 mm. instead of the standard 35 mm. In this amateur size it is known as CineKodak Safety Film, and is processed in such a way that the exposed film is first a negative and then, by reversal of the image, a positive ready for projection in the home. The use of this film by amateur cinematographers is growing rapidly, and the resultant familiarity with cinematographic problems by a larger proportion of the public will, it is believed, tend to secure an even greater appreciation of the professional offerings.