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20 The Audio-Visual Handbook
about the various types of visual aids and their own values.
(a) The stereograph has been found to be valuable as an individual study experience.
(b) The stereopticon slide or filmslide forms an excellent basis for the socialized recitation.
(c) The motion picture is an effective summarization device.
(d) The chart and diagram are effective in presenting abstractions and in assisting analysis.
Experimental Evidence
There have been many minor and numerous major experiments in the field of visual instruction during the past twenty years. The majority of these have been reviewed in various issues of the Educational Screen and some have been published in book form. The list of investigators includes, among others, the names of those of high reputation in the field of educational research, such as Frank N. Freeman, C. J. Judd, Ben D. Wood, F. D. McClusky, V. C. Arnspiger, George D. Stoddard, Daniel C. Knowlton, J. Warren Tilton, P. J. Rulon, J. J. Weber, Edgar Dale, William Lewin, Charles F. Hoban, Jr., and W. W. Charters.
Dr. Frank N. Freeman, in summarizing the results of a series of experiments conducted by himself and twelve others in eight cities and three universities, states that there is " .... no support to a belief that pictures may be substituted for language. It does indicate, however, that they have a definite function to perform. This function is determined by the nature and purpose of the instruction. The purpose of instruction at one time is to lay the foundation for thought, reflection, generalization, application. This foundation consists in direct experience with material objects . . . The evidence is that pictures are an invaluable means of getting certain kinds of experience of a concerte sort."
Knowlton and Tilton conducted an experiment with the use of the "Chronicles of America Photoplays" in Troup Junior High School, New Haven, Connecticut.*"' Ten of the photoplays were used with the experimental group and the results obtained were contrasted with those secured with regular class instruction. Among the more significant results were the following:
1. The ten photoplays made a large contribution to the teaching of an enriched course of study, increasing the pupils' learning by
*Knowlton, Daniel C, and Tilton, J. Warren, "Motion Pictures in History Teaching," Yale University Press, 1929.