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22 The Audio-Visual Handbook
(m) a larger percentage of the group made such contributions; ( n ) those contributing did so less often.
9. The increase in the total number of pupil participations attributable to the use of the photoplays was 10 per cent. This increase is equivalent to forty-six more participations in a year by each pupil, or about 1600 more in a thirty-five-pupil section.
10. Seeing the photoplays caused the pupils to read voluntarily more supplementary history material under controlled classroom conditions;
(a) 40 per cent more reading was done;
(b) a larger percentage of the group chose to read;
(c) the average amount for those reading was larger.
The Eastman experiment, conducted by Wood and Freeman, stands as one of the most comprehensive to date. The experiment was conducted during the spring months of 1928 in twelve large city school systems in which nearly 11,000 children participated. The topics studied were in the fields of geography and general science. The outcome of the teaching was measured by three tests. In both geography and general science, the film-instructed groups were greatly superior to the non-film groups. The following statement was made in a summary of the experiment:
"If we examine the average gains made by the entire group of children in all cities and on all topics taken together, we find that the film group excelled the non-film group by 33 per cent of the standard deviation of all the scores. In the topics on general science, the gains of the film group exceeded those of the non-film group by 15 per cent of the standard deviation .... These are substantial and reliable differences. The detailed evidence that the differences are reliable is presented in the body of the report."
The above refers to only a few of the many experiments which have been conducted in the field of visual instruction. Other experiments will be mentioned as they may relate to the consideration of certain forms of visual aids. It is interesting to note that, almost without exception, the many experiments to determine the difference between the visual and nonvisual method of teaching have indicated a very favorable advantage for the application of visual-sensory aids to instruction.
The Development of Audio-Visual Aids
It has been reported by unimpeachable authority that when Thomas A. Edison began his experiments to produce pictures of articles in motion and reproduce those pictures, he had in mind pictures which would illustrate recorded music. The results were not entirely satis