The audio-visual handbook (1942)

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34 The Audio-Visual Handbook teaching children how to make graphs: 1. Use a good metal-edged ruler and sharp pencil with hard lead. Ink the lines later. 2. Use smooth hard-surfaced paper that is capable of taking both ink and water color easily. 3. Be sure that all data are accurate and up to date before actual construction of the graph is started. 4. Leaving ample space to the left, construct a series of bars starting at a zero line. 5. Space the bars evenly, not too close or too far apart. 6. Encourage the use of guide lines placed at regular intervals. These greatly aid in mentally measuring the comparative length of the black or colored bars. 7. Do not print on the bars. All printing should be at the left of the zero line or horizontal-bar graphs and at the bottom of the zero line in a vertical-bar chart. 8. Numbers denoting the scale used should appear at the top of the series of guide lines. 9. If pictures are used with bar graphs to attract the attention, it is best to place them at the left of the printing so they will not interfere with the reading of the graph. Similar instructions are included for the making of circle graphs, curve graphs, and picture graphs, changing the technique in accordance with the type of graphic representation used. Maps and Globes Maps may be of almost any type, subject, form, color, or dimension. Usually they are found to be extremely valuable in teaching the various phases of geography and history. There are relief maps, physical maps, political maps, and miscellaneous maps. Each has a definite and helpful purpose, if properly constructed and applied. All maps should be strictly up to date in presenting the subject matter and should be corrected as frequently as may be necessary. The presentation of inaccurate visual materials is inexcusable. The long established map-producing and distributing organizations, the names and addresses of which can be found in the leading teachers' and other educational magazines, offer very complete and economical service to schools. (See page 217.) There are some schools which are not able to purchase frequently revised maps in as complete sets as are needed to serve adequately. Those schools will do well to investigate the possibilities of preparing or purchasing map slides, for projection