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36 The AudioVisual Handbook
2. Limitations:
(a) The chart should be made large enough to be seen by all.
(b) It is limited in the scope of material which can be presented by means of it.
(c) Unless students have been trained to read charts, graphs, and tables, the instructor will have to spend considerable time in explanation. This results in (1) a considerable waste of time, and (2) a neglect of the content itself.
The Sand Table
The sand table is probably the most adaptable of all visual aids. It may be used from the earliest preschool or play activities through all the grades, high school, college, university, in the army, in engineering, in landscape gardening, in real-estate selling, and in many other situations. Teachers of children in the lower grades may use it as a motivation project for reading and elementary mathematics. Teachers of higher grades may use it in geography, history, nature study, general science, agriculture, and hygiene.
The chief limitation of the sand table is that projects prepared on it are subject to disarrangement or destruction, if carelessly handled. Those who may desire more permanent contour maps or other projects will do well to use papier-mache or a mixture of salt and flour. If modeling clay is available, it may be used successfully.
A good sand table for the average room should be approximately 8x4 feet in size, and about a foot in depth. The height from the floor should be determined by the average age of the usual group which will be using it and should be such that it will be accessible to all. It should be a little more than half filled with sand of an even texture, and provided with a small shovel to be used in moving larger quantities of the sand from one location to another. In many instances, it is desirable to have a backboard extending upward from eight to fourteen inches, for the purpose of providing backgrounds and for use in labeling the material prepared in the sand.
The Electric Map
Another type of visual aid which contributes liberally to the learning process is the electric map. Either pictures or specimens may be used in the construction of such a map, and the wealth of material available in magazines and other publications offers an unlimited source. Insects, leaves, pictures of birds, animals, and the like may be used extensively.