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Types of Visual Aids and Their Uses 71
is the number to be used. If more than one is required, the thought unit must be kept down to such a size that confusion of ideas will not result. It should be remembered that these experiences are to be remembered the same as new words in spelling, new combinations in arithmetic, etc., so they can be recalled later and the imagery used in later thinking.
8. By projecting the picture on the blackboard, all sorts of markings may be made on the picture and erased without affecting the picture. This holds true not only for writing or printing words on the part of the picture which they symbolize in reading; but also such markings as are needed to explain operations, motions, special points of interest, etc., in the upper classes of junior and senior high school and college. By this means the need for the motion picture may be reduced.
Teaching the Child How to Look at the Slide
1. The child, to understand and interpret the pictures so that he can use the knowledge thus acquired, must be taught how to look at the slide so he will not talk about the first thing he sees. When the child has clearly defined his aims or problems, he is ready to select from the picture that which answers or explains the subject under consideration. He will recognize other things, perhaps irrelevent, about which he would like to know more. These become subjects for further individual or class investigation. There should be some use of the stereograph in connection with the slide in the very early grades to teach the children the significance of lights, shadows, and of flat pictures. The pupils should be taught to expect a slide or stereograph to be used repeatedly, each time studying only the part of the picture that has significance for the problem at hand.
2. There are several technical points about a picture which it is well to train the child to recognize readily:
a. The slide which is to carry an unfamiliar message is of greatest value when there is something in it which is known. A person, automobile, or house is essential in some types of pictures if an idea of height, size, or distance is to be grasped.
b. Help the child to gain the habit of always looking for something of which he knows the size and then using that to help interpret the picture. The viewpoint of scope of the picture should be established, whether it is a near view including a few persons or objects, or a distant view covering a large area. In the case of mountains, the altitude at which the picture was taken is important in order to comprehend the heights of ranges and peaks. For placing the picture