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Types of Visual Aids and Their Uses 111
equipment in order that they may make use of all available worthwhile films.
The 35 mm. motion picture, which is the standard theatrical size and which is a little more than twice the width of 16 mm. film is being used less and less among schools and other educational organizations for the projection of silent pictures. The ratio of silent 35 mm. usage to the use of silent 16 mm. films seems to be about one to fifteen, based on the distribution of films of both sizes by such agencies as the Y.M.C.A. Motion Picture Bureau, the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and other large nontheatrical distributors of silent films. It is interesting to note in this connection that the ratio of silent motion-picture projectors of both sizes to sound motion-picture projectors in use among schools is approximately four to one, although this ratio is changing in favor of the sound projector from year to year. Practically all 16 mm. sound motion-picture projectors are so constructed that they will project both silent and sound films. This means that those projectors must be equipped to operate at two speeds. Sound films move through the projector at the rate of twenty-four frames per second, requiring approximately eleven minutes for the projection of one full reel of 400 feet. Silent films move through the projector at the rate of sixteen frames per second, requiring approximately fifteen minutes for the projection of one full reel.
The sound-on-disc equipment for motion pictures, which was used formerly by theaters and by schools, is no longer used by either one. It became obsolete among theaters some years ago and has disappeared from the school field. In fact, there are no distributors of motion pictures who offer sound-on-disc subjects.
Problems in the Use of the Motion Picture. There are some problems to be given consideration in connection with the use of the motion picture. The majority of these are minor rather than major, but are extremely important. First of all, those who are using motion pictures or who are planning to use them should become thoroughly familiar with the available projection equipment. An operator who does not understand the care and operation of equipment is likely to cause damage to the film. This will be charged to the person causing that damage inasmuch as it would be unfair to expect the owner of the film to assume it.
In the earlier days of the educational motion picture, certain scenes were little more than a series of stills on motion-picture film. With such films it was desirable to have a device to permit the operator to