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122 The Audio-Visual Handbook
2. Keep the lenses immaculately clean. The least bit of dust or oil on the surfaces of the lenses will have a tendency to destroy the true picture. A lintless linen cloth or a piece of lens cleaning tissue will be satisfactory for cleaning.
3. Keep the camera clean and well oiled. The accurately machined parts of the mechanism must have ordinary care in cleaning and oiling if the best results are to be obtained. Follow the instruction book which is furnished with each camera.
4. Hold the camera steady at all times. This can be accomplished only by using a sturdy tripod, which is almost as necessary as a camera if good pictures are to result. It is almost impossible to hold any motion-picture camera steady in the hands and it should not be attempted except in extreme cases where it is impossible to use a tripod.
5. Make complete scenes, not bits. A simple rule to follow is to count slowly to ten for any scene, increasing the length of the scene as may be needed to complete the picture of the action to be recorded. Short exposures are unsatisfactory and will waste film.
6. Shoot action shots at an angle. Pictures of rapid action should be photographed at an angle of approximately 30 degrees, with the action moving toward the camera. Pictures taken at right angles or directly behind or in front of the action are usually unsatisfactory.
7. Use filters whenever possible. A filter will tend to give a truer recording of color gradations and smoothness of detail.
8. Do not "pan" the camera. It is best to set the camera in a stationary manner and let the action move through the field of the lens. Turning the camera from one point to another while the picture is being taken, except at very high shutter speeds, will produce a jerky result.
9. Use half-speed or slow-motion variations only when necessary. If it is desirable to slow down the action of the subject, pictures may be taken at thirty-two or sixty-four frames per second. Football pictures seem to be best at thirty-two frames per second, as normal action is too rapid for a careful study of the plays. Half-speed pictures have but a minor place in the usual film, except for variety.
Editing the Film. After the films have been exposed and processed, it will be necessary to "edit" them. The scenes will be joined together without titles and it will be necessary to insert proper explanatory titles ahead of each scene. The following suggestions may be of assistance:
1. Cut out inferior scenes. If some of the exposures have not been entirely satisfactory, throw them away and retake them, rather than