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Types of Sound Aids for Schools
THE discussions which follow will give brief consideration to the various types of sound aids which are being used extensively among schools, omitting from this section those aids which are composed of synchronized sound and pictures — still or motion. The next section will discuss those aids which depend upon synchronization of sound and pictures for their effectiveness.
In general, sound aids have followed the development procedure of pictures. They have been invented and developed as an aid to industry, or as an entertainment feature. Later, when found to have educational value, they were adapted to the instructional functions of the school. The phonograph record and the silent motion picture were developed about the same time for the entertainment of individuals. The first attempts at synchronization included the basic principles of each. The radio program, which entertained the family at the fireside, was found to have unlimited possibilities in the educational field, and schools of today are making extensive use of the most effective radio programs.
The Phonograph Record
The desire to record sound so it might be preserved and reproduced is an ancient one. From Egypt comes the first corroborated account of vocal sounds issuing from a thing without life, more than 1500 years before the beginning of the Christian era. An ancient Chinese book of 2000 years ago contains a story of a curious box into which a Chinese prince was supposed to have spoken a message which he sent by a trusty messenger to his friend. When the friend opened the box, so the legend states, he could actually hear the words which had been spoken into it.
In more recent years, the history of science records scattered references to various attempts at recording and reproducing sound by mechanical means. The first authentic recording of the human voice was accomplished in 1857 by Leon Scott, a French scientist. The instrument was called the Scott Phonautograph. It traced a laterally undulating line on a cylinder which had been coated with lampblack, but there was no provision for reproducing the sound.
In 1877, Thomas A. Edison invented his famous tinfoil machine.
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