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Types of Audio-Visual Aids to Instruction 171
human senses and the limitations of space and time; (3) Enriching or extending a unit of instruction by opening up related areas for the pupil's investigation; (4) Summarizing or reviewing a given unit's work. All four of these values can be realized if the film showings are properly integrated with readings, discussions, and other classroom study activities.
Planning the Use of the Film
The teacher will wish to become thoroughly familiar with the film to be shown. He should preview the picture to note various types of audio-visual learning cues of local interest and importance. The teacher's manual accompanying the film is helpful in planning a unit's work. It suggests interesting projects in connection with the use of the film, and provides a convenient source of reference for the subject matter content of the unit. If a lesson outline is made, each showing of the film may be indicated at suitable points, together with the functions the film is to serve and the sequences which are to be stressed. The many learning cues in the film provide the teacher with innumerable opportunities to vitalize learning projects.
Introducing the Film in the Lesson
"The way in which the teacher introduces the sound picture is especially important because it sets the perspective from which the students see and hear the film. The teacher may refer to former projects or topics which have direct bearing upon the new material which the film is to present. He may raise questions which will be answered in whole or in part by the picture. Sometimes it may be desirable to explain new words appearing in the film, or technical photographic processes employed. Attention may be called to certain scenes or sequences which will be shown in the picture. Still another way of focusing attention upon specific elements is that of making advance assignments of activities growing out of the film experience. In other words, it is essential that the purposes for studying the film are clearly defined in the minds of the students before the initial and subsequent showings.
Showing the Film
"After the uninterrupted presentation which is desirable in the first showing, other procedures may be employed. In later showings of the film teachers sometimes find it advantageous to stop the projection for brief comments or discussion. It is possible also to utilize only a few sequences, rather than the entire film, as the basis for the day's lesson.