The billboard (July-Dec 1898)

SOME ADVERTISING NOT PAY. BY $AM W. HOKE. There is every assurance for a large in- j crease in the volume of business of every de- scription. Strenuous efforts are being made by all classes of business men to increase tj.elr business by all legitimate efforts. When the universal belief is that such and such a thing is a fact, our observation is that it is, or will be forced to be so whether it is or. . not. When we cry hard times we may ex- pect hard times. — Now, there is no class of men who are in a position to help along the business of this cctmtry any more than those interested in advertising in any way. The advertiser, from the accomplished ad-smita to the circular distributor, has no= excuse for maintaining that there is a depression in business. Os- tensibly, he is seeking to increase business for his patrons, and in each and every in- stance should put the bright side up. A great many people have learned in the Inst few y-»rs that it is unsafe to rely on the mis- gridrd. or, rather, the misapplied tt-t.ments of office seekers. THE BILLBOARD DOES "Advertising doesn't pay," says the oc- casional advertiser. "We put out some posters in Cincinnati, Hamilton and Day- ton a year ago, and sales didn't increase five cents." I say Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton because those are not the towns named, and because it is as easy to name them as any other towns. I inquired very fully into this case, which is real with the exception named. I found that these people did post last year, for one single month, in three towns I saw the poster, and while it was not the worst, it certainly was far from the best poster ever made. The month of the posting was March, and it hap- pened that rain fell almost every day during the month in the towns posted; the paper used on this poster was of the 40-pound weight, and as soon as it got moist it was practically unreadable, the paper underneath showing through. It was, therefore, no fair test- But the man who expects immediate results on a single month's billposting, or advertising of_any kind, is always very- apt to be disappointed: and if it were not so. the advertising field would be full to overflowing and there would scarcely be room for all,. The very fact that the steady outpour of mor.ey with no returns scares off the majority of beginners, is one of the reasons why advertising does pay the man with nerve to stick. The peopie have fixed ideas, notions, likes and dislikes. You ask them once to do something new, to try some new thing, and they pay no attention. Ad- miral Farragut was a .brainy and nervy officer, and yet if he had had his way we would to-day be fighting Spain with wooden ships. Dynamite guns have' been a success for years, but it was the middle of May, 1898, before a dynamite gun was ever used in actual warfare. This merely shows that people are hard to move out of their beaten paths. And the fact that they are hard to move is another argument in favor of advertis- ing. When they have moved out of their rut and begun using your goods they are in another rut. and the next'man who tries to brim* them over to his goods has as hard a time as you had; and if he is an early quitter, you retain this trade per- hans for vears after the advertisement thst brought it to you has been forgotten. Mr. John B. Bowker's many acquaintances will rejoice in hi* securing the position of City Auditor of the city of Worcester, and congratulations are now in order. Mr. Bow- Ver'has marked^ ability, particularly along lines which wilSmake him an ideal auditor. ^Method, accuracy and alertness are especially i needed In such a position, and he has these in especial degree- Tht salary attached to t*» noFition is $2,000. and Mr. Bowker will be worth it to the city. * July 19 to 22 is the date, and the Lelatid House. Chicaeo, III., the place of tbe"L-A. of D". Convention. CALL. Notice'is hereby given that the regular annual convention of The International Association of Distributors will take place at the Leland House7^fficagoTffl.~rjuly"" 19 to 22, inclusive. All members are directed and expected to be present.- Jos~ Retd, Pres. W. H. Steinbrenner, Sec Washington State Fair. The purses offered are for runners, trot- ters and pacers. The conditions are liberal, and you can bank on getting your money if you win, and it will be cash and not scrip. Besides the speed program, Washington will give large premiums for live stock, dairy, agricultural and horticultural products, which will draw a large attendance from every county in the State. It will not be a North Yakima fair, but a Washington State Fair, and every county, city and hamlet in the State will take an in- terest in it. This race meeting is on the North Pacific racing circuit, and horsemen will get special rates throughout the entire circuit. For entry blanks and premium list, write to the Secretary, T. B. Gunn, North Yakima, Wash. Remember the I.' A. of D. Convention at Chicago, July 19 to 22. The Prismatic Electric Sign Company of Williamsport, Pa., has established an Agency in the City of New York, with office at 110 Liberty street, Amthor £ Sterling in charge. Also a Pittsburg agency, with Frank W. Gil- lett, Chronicle-Telegraph Building. The Western Ad-Sign Syndicate is after Gunning's holdings on every hand. Suits have been filed in several instances, but Jones & Williams, ith Col Burr Robbins be- hind them, keep right on. They ill have some six of Gunning's very best sites before August 1st, so they claim. „ E -- C. Anno, representing; the Dr. Miles Medical Co.,of Elkhart. Ind., was a "Bill- board" caller June 1. He had jurt finished a tour of inspection of Western Ohio, and pro- nounced the service of all I. A. of D. mem- bers as first-class. He was esre-ially pleased with Ten-ill's and Steinbrenner's methods. little Rock, Ark., is to be reclaimed. Ray Ii. Thompson has bought the plant and prom- ises a first-class service in the future. BRIEFS BOILED DO wTO. At the recent convention of the Pacific Coast Bill Posters' Association the proposed amalgamation of Siebe & Green and Owens & Varney overshadowed all else. Mr. L. D. Hotter, the city bill poster, is presenting some unique advertising schemes for business men for the summer months and The News is pleased to say be is meeting with much encouragement in his commenda- ble enterprise.—Meridian < Miss.) News. There is opposition at Erie. Pa., again. J. J. Cunningham-, manager of the Opera Hous- Bill Posting Company, was arrested recently by Alderman Swap on the charge of tres- pass in that he is alleged to have posted bills on boards belonging to the Erie Bill Posting Company. Mr. Cunningham did not deny that he posted the bills, but claimed to have a lease on the boards. At last accounts the case, after being continued several times, was still pending. The Wilshire Posting Co. of Los Angeles. Cal.. are mailing a poster which depicts their choice locations. It Is sent to advertisers and agents. The scheme is a good one. W. C. Terrill, of Lima. O.. paid us a pleas- ant visit June 10th. He had been to Chics- manga and returning stopped over at Lexing- ton to visit L. H. Ramsey. The latter insisted on his going to Louisville, which he did. Mr. Tirrill says Ramsey has all the best of.it at the Falls City. Mr. Samuel Warner's exhibit of posters and juvenile book illustrations was a revelation to many who are not familiar with such work made up from the model; quaint, unkept ur- chins about our city village serving him for the purpose.—Quincy (Mass.) Advertiser. James A. Muldoon has a contract for twen- ty large signs from C. R. Guppie & Co., Port- land, advertising the Onion cigar The young painters are at work on the brick wall of E. S. Martin & Son's block. Water street. wh'Vre a sign 20x15. (covering three hundred square feet) is being painted in a conspicuous place. Mr. Muldoon has a number of large contracts for ads. from leading firms and is rapidly covering up his numerous bill boards.—Eatt- port (Me.) News. P. F .Shea & Co. have bought the bill post- ing business of Perkins & Lenoir, at Spring- field. Mass. Mr. Perkins will manage the' business for the new firm. Joe Noyes of Salmon Falls. N. H.. has en- tirely recovered from his recent accident. His shoulder was badly dislocated. Frank R. Stone was made the authorized bill poster of the village at the last meeting of the trustees, conditional upon his keeping posters from being put up where they will be unsightly or objectionable.—Middlcbury (Vt.) News. Expressman Frank A. French has fo'd through Edward Fly's Business Agency, his express and bulletin board advertising busi- ness to L. M. Keith, of this city, who will carry it on as heretofore by the former owner. —Putnam (Conn.) Patriot. Mayor Phelan of San Francisco objects to boards on gables and low roofs. The Board of Aldermen of Rochester. N. Y., on June 1st directed the Corporation Counsel to enforce the existing bill posting laws and ordinances, and also to carry on the litigation with the Rochester Bill Posting Co. An English advertising firm wants to board the banks of the Suez Capal and det orate them with advertisements. The Bill Posters' Union of Boston laFt month gave a reception and entertainment to the bill posters connected with W. F. Cody's Wild West show. New York. Chicago. De- troit, and Philadelphia unions were represent- ed by the visitors. The officers cf the Boston union are: President. Frank Lloyd; Vice President Fred. E.Thyhg: Secretary Will- iam Schofield; Financial Secretary, William Hale; Treasurer, George Williams. Streator. III., has passed an ordinance li- censing bill posters. Mayor Ford of Pittsburg vetoed the new bill posters' ordinance June 1st and council promptly passed it over his veto. The best advertising done by bill posting firms is done by- Jam W. Hoke, of New York That dollarsign is a trade mark that is known throughout the fraternity.—The Advertising World, Columbus, O. Hereafter the Sheriff in Philadelphia Will, not count upon bill po-ting fees as perqui- sites. He is now compelled to turn them into the city. , L - H- B an >sey was a "Billboard" caller June 16. He reports steady progress at Louis- ville, and speaks with easy confidence of the ultimate outcome. Colonel Ramsey believes In an open association, but entertains decided objections to the name. In the course of conversation he outlined bis views on asso- ciation ethics and advanced some ideas that for daring innovation even outdo those of Wilshire of Los Angeles. He won't have it however, that he favors an open association! Col. L. H. Ramsey and Mr. 0. P. Falrchlld of Covington have adjusted their differences and have agreed to agree hereafter. A rose by any other name would smell just as sweet. We are willing to discard the word "open" and advocate an "ideal" or a "bet- ter" association. We care not for tho name It's the reform we are after. "Hote" says he . is . going to have Harry Munson and Reagan and Clark elected to membershln in the A. B. .P. at the Buffalo meeting. He says it, moreover, with all the easy confidence of a man who Is sure^of hls~ ground. • I. A. of D. Convention at Chicago, July 19 to 22. L. E. Tieman. of Belleville. III., savs he has enough work at home, and does not care to take in the smaller towns around him. $AM W. HOKE Gets the Big "Washburn-Crosby Floor Posting;. The mammoth contract for the posting of the Washburn-Crosby flour of Minne- apolis goes to Jam W. Hoke, the enter- prising and aggressive New York agent. The territory to be covered embraces everything east of the Rocky Mountains. It is one of the largest deals ever made in the history of billposting. Hoke also secured the posting for Chambers Ency- clopaedia for J. P. Lippencott & Co. The latter bills heavilv in small towns onlv. OFFICIAL CALL. To the Officers and.Members of The In- ternational Billposting Association :- Greeting —By virtue of the power vested in me by the constitution of our organization, I hereby decree that the regular annual meeting of The Interna- tional Billposting Association shall take place at the Leland House, Chicago, III. beginning July 19. 1S9S, and direct all officers and members to assemble at 10 a. 111. at the time and place first above mentioned. [Signed] P.-F. Schaefer, Pres. Geo. J. Sherer, Sec. Ai WALLACE CAR AND A1BUNCH.OF V. E. FRANKLIN'S AGENTS AND BILL POSTERS. >M ■ N1 .I-I..P"' KLONDYKE. .OEPARTMINT • CONDUCTED BY *». l-l..»«-^«.0«.<nk. , vc A Sign Painter Strikes It Rich. Joe R. Fitzgerald, One of Hote's Indians at Dawson City, Makes a Big Stake—Interesting Letter to Hss Former Employer. We are indebted to Mr. O. S. Houghtaling of New York for the following highly int. r- csilng letter from the gold fields 01 Alaska. The envelope of the original was worn out 1111 the trail, but the gold dubt spoken of reached Its destination safely. We present the letter in full, only elim- inating entirely personal paragraphs. Dawson City, N. W. Terr., No. 6, Below-Discovery Bonanza Ck. Klondyke Dist., March 12th, 1S»8. Mr. C. S. Houghtaling, Esq., New York City: Dear Sir.—1 have just received your letter of last September and it was a cure for sore eyes to see the old familiar envelope. First, please excuse the writing paper, but it is the only thing I can get to use, and glad to get even it. The only thing that Is plenty here is gold dust. Well, as you see. I am all O. K., and pulled through the winter without much trouble. A great many have scur\y, for want of proper food or enough of what we have. I haven't had the scurvy, (but have had nine different kinds of lice.) I can tell you. if ever I get out of here "beans" will part company with me. Anything would do for a change now; I would tackle Smith's Bile Beans; it is the only way I haven't tried to eat them in here. 1 just bought a plug of Battle Ax tor S5.00 to chew of Sundays, (for a change). I chew spruce bark while working week days. I own an Interest In No. 6, Below Discovery Bonanza, and have been working it all win- ter, but haven't struck anything very big until two weeks ago, from $10 to SS0 a pan, and have put on eight men to work it. at $15 per day each man, but 1 am atraid that water will soon come in on us, and we will have to stop. If I can work it fifty or sixty days yet. and the pay streak holds out, 1 will take out lotB of oust. I am just sending out a claim I own. one- third interest on the outside, to sell for twen- ty thousand.' It Is No. 4, Adams Creek, runs iuto No. C. B. D. Bonanza. It has never been" prospected very much, but No. 1 and 2, Ad- ams Creek, are very rich. 1 may be doing a very foolish thing to sell out at that price, as Adams property I think is good, but has been prospected very little. It is the finest looking gulch in the district. Enclosed 1 send you some Adams Creek gold I took out to-day, as my shaft is right at the mouth of Adams Creek, and it Is Adams Creek gold we are gettlne. not Bonanza gold, although the claim is on Bonanza Creek. I would hold No. 4 myself, but my partners have been in here for several years, and want to leave. the country, as it is bard lines to remain here for anyone, especially when they have* made a home stake. This gold 1 send is very fine, but the general run is very coarse, from the size.of a pea to a walnut. I think I will make a good clean-up in the Spring, in time to take care of your advertising matter, give it every attention, and push all the goods you recommend for your cusomers. There is a fine-sized city In Dawson now, and the first come, first served. We will have it painted up In good shape, and show the people that "Hote" Is the only live adver- tiser in America. When I finish this territory, I will hire In- dians to pack the materials, paints, &c, toward the pole as near as I can get by the route you have sent me. Traveling is very expensive here, but I started out to put an ad. on the "Pole." as you directed, and it must be done. Have the other boys reached the South Pole yet? It will be a big ad. for you If we succeed In getting your route complete from Pole to Pole, but you know that when you send your men out on a route nothing can stop us until it is complete. It has been a very mild winter here, old- limers say—only down to 60 or 70 below, but u man has to get used to it. Several have liud their limbs frozen'and died from the ef- ft'i-ts, and several have bi>en frozen to death. and scurvy is very bad. There was at no time ilunger of starvation, except early In the Fall, before so many went out over the Ice to Ft. Yukon, but grub Is very high. One dollar per pound-! for beans, flour, bacon, rice and miKar. with salt at 8 cents. Whisky Is very cheap. 60 cents per drink, good stuff, made right here on Bonanza Creek, called "hooch." 1 prefer red Ink or Davis' Pain Killer myself. Unfortunately, 1 can not get either, so I "wive to go apainst the "hooch," but not very "ften, you bet. We hear that everything Is Klondyke oiit- *_'»h\ and expect a million people In here.next Summer. Dawson City is a very unhealthy Place, or- will be next Summer, and people xtll die by the-hundreds. They should cer- tainly have Bome kind of sanitary laws here. I! was bad enough here last Summer, but \vill be a hundred times worse next. 1 am sorry I did not got your letter Booner, inn I Ills Is the first moll that ha reached ..ore »il» Winter, nearly all datt'B September luBt. No doubt you would have liked to have heard > rum me earlier, and unless you have al- »wuly made arrangements. It vill take you '•onio time to get started successfully, so as t" get the lay-out here in time. I don't think • will go out In the Summer, but will stay imo more Winter here, as I w..- be better nxed next Winter, and can stand It better without much trouble. THE BILLBOARD. I see that the people want to get goods here. There Is a ready market here for ev- erything. I will have your answer and others that write me, as I expect more of the same kind from others, and of course will endorse their goods if they do business with you. No doubt their goods have merit, and if they are ready to push them in the proper way, they will have a ready market for years to come, as this country is just being opened up, and It is going to be a wonder as a mineral pro- ducer. It may be a trifle expensive at first to introduce goods, but they will get larger prices to even up. and once they get the goods started and create the demand, it will be just like digging gold after you locate the pay streak. They are building several large buildings here in Dawson City, and I think there will be lots of space. I would like to start in here with a crew of four men early in the Spring, with plenty of paints and oils, as there are some fine locations on rocks, par- ticularly In the Canon or Rapids, also Five Finger Rapids and other canons. - Now, I will tell you what I have been thinking of. If you can not make arrange- ments for this season, let me know and I will try and get out in time to get in early with a good outfit of paints, oils, &c, and with a year's outfit of grub, come down the river, and as soon as cold weather sets in, go pros- pecting. .?i OU see lhat woula B' ve you a chance to kill two birds, f6r you would be in on every- thing that would be located, as I am now getting a knowledge of mining, prospecting, &c, and come very near knowing just what a man wants to do to make a complete suc- cess in an enterprise of this kind, after hav- ing pulled through this Winter. This country is very large, and but very little has been prospected, and the expense of sending in an outfit in the proper way would be much cheaper than you possibly imagine. I think it would be a complete suc- cess. Your Idea is a very good one in regard to sending goods, but I doubt if you could get them here this Spring. Lumber doesn't cost much here. $250 per thousand, so bulletin boards are out of the question. I do hope you can do a booming business on the strength of this excitement, for you are the whitest man I ever worked for. Of course I have no kick coming now, as I am on the sunny side of the fence, but you can depend that I will help you in any way that I can. If you send a man in here, send a good one; that is. one that you can rely on, and as I am familiar with this country I can help him to a great extent, and if I am not tied up in claims or working them, I will work with him. I will do all I can in the way of corresponding you desire, and refer all letters of inquiry to you, as the enclosed, and will possibly be of some benefit to you. Let me know as soon as possible if you have already made arrangements for sending the stuff in; if not. I will try and make a flying trip out and take charge of an outfit over the trail. I know of some good-looking territory both up and down the river to prospect in, in cold weather, which is the only time the prospect- ing can be done successfully, and in Summer we can do the advertising. I am learning all I can in the way of pros- pecting and mining in this country, as I ex- pect to follow it up to a certain extent. I am young, and I think this an opportunity of a life time. To make a fortune mining in this country is far different from anywhere else in the world. Old miners can tell noth- ing by formation, &c, and gold is always - found here Just where a practical miner would never look for it. In fact, it is a study in itself to find how the gold came to be de- posited in such strange places. For instance, some .very rich diggings are found on the tops and sides of mountains. There will be a great deal of gold taken out of here this Winter. 1 will close for the present, with kindest regards to the boys and yourself. Yours very respectfully, JOE R. FITZGERALD. P. S.—Mr. Houghtaling, do not invest or have any of your friends Invest in anything property) thatis selling outside that was sent out from here, as four-fifths of it is not any good. Anyone who has good ground here is" working it. and will not sell it. either. The prospect that is being sent out as a rule is on the bum. J. R. GREAT SCHEME For Country Road Ad's. The fence sign along country roads will Eoon yield to the new idea of advertising arches over the road. The new idea will first be put in practice at Los Angeles, Cal. Space on country roads is always valuable and finds ready sale among retail merchants in the city.' Space on these arches will be doubly valuable. We give herewith a copy of the ordinance authorizing the erection of the arcnes: THE BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF THE County of Los Angeles do ordain as fol- lows: Section 1. The special privilege is hereby granted to Messrs. C. B. Dodson and E. G. Archibald, for the period of twenty-three months, to erect and maintain over the pub- lic roads-and highways of this county, adver- tising arches of the character and description as shown by their plans and specifications for the same on file in the office of the Clerk of this Board. Sec. 2. Said advertising arches shall be not less than twenty feet above the roadway wherever they shall be erected; they shall be erected in a substantial manner, upon poles set at least eight feet in the ground, of a size equal to 14 inches by 14 inches at the ground, and tapering to 10 inches by 10 inches at the top, securely braced to posts on each side of the poles upon which they are erected; the poles shall be at least fifty-eight feet apart,. except upon roads of less than such width, and upon sue roads they shall be placed at the exterior edges of the road or highway. Sec. 3. There shall be at all times, while said advertising arches shall remain over the roads of the county,, be maintained" in a con- spicuous place upon' each'side of'he said ad- vertising arches, on the posts, thereof, signs showing the distance from the City of Los Angeles, and distance and guide to the ad- jacent cities or towns. The said signs shall be painted in letters not less than four inches in height and in such manner as to be dis- tinctly seen from the roadway, and under the direction of the Road Commissioner of the re- spective districts. Sec. 4. The said C. B. Dodson and E. G. Archibald, their successors and assigns, shall be and become responsible for any and all accidents that may arise out of the erection or maintenance of said advertising arches, and the said Dodson and Archibald shall, at their own expense, remove the same tempor- arily for the accommodation of moving houses. Sec. 5. This ordinance shall take effect and be in force on and after the 2d day of June, 1898, and prior to the expiration of fifteen days from he passage thereof shall be pub- lished for a period of ten days in the Even- ing Express, a newspaper printed and pub- lished in the County of Los Angeles. State of California, with the names of the members of the Board of Supervisors of said county voting for and against the same. VERY ATTRACTIVE. The United States Flag Painted by the Ottawa Billposting Company. One of the most attractive, as well as up to date and catchy posters we have seen is on the Ottawa Bill Posting Co.'s boards on Madison street, opposite Armory C. It is a hand-painted twenty-sheet of a handsome American flag, with a red, white and blue border entirely around it. Across the top in bold letters are the words. "Remember the Name." Ottawa Bill Posting Co., Out Door Advertisers. This young firm is progressive, and has a nice line of boards in this city, and has them full of paper from the National Adver- tiser. They pay the city J40 per year license and are the only licensed bill posters in Ot- tawa. They also do house-to-house distribut- ing all over La Salle County.—Ottawa (111.) Trader. RED JACKET VERMILION More Durable than any other. Send for Sample, Light or Deep. ... BILLINGS, TAYLOR SCO. Cleveland, Ohio. Southern Illinois would be comparatively un- known but for L. H. (Tieman, ithe hustling billposter of Belleville. 111. A Growing; St. Louis Enterprise. Mr. W. F.' Williamson of the Williamson's Sign System, has just completed arrange-, ments with the Western Ad-Sign Syndicate of Chicago, to complete a circuit of the larger cities throughout the United States, for paint- ing bulletin signs and general display ad- vertising. The Western Ad-Sign Syndicate is a new corporation with a capital stock of $100,000. The officers are: Mr. Fred. D. Jones, recently Secretary of the Gunning Co.; Mr. J. B. Will- iams, former manager of the bulletin sys- tem of the same company, and Mr. Burr Rob- bins, the veteran showman, who is known from ocean to ocean. Mr. Robbins is also connected with the American Bill Posting Co. of Chicago. The financial strength of the Williamson Company, combined with that of the new syndicate, will enable Williamson and the Western Ad-Sign Syndicate to control all prominent locations in St. Louis and Chicago. It will also result in St. Loui? being installed hereafter by a St. Louis company. This syndicate has already made co-oper- ative arrangements with the local bulletin people in Kansas City, Omaha, St. Paul, Minneapolis, St. Joseph, Denver, Cincinnati, Cleveland and all Southern cities, it being the intention of this new concern to give the advertisers a better service than has hereto- fore existed in the display advertising line. Mr. Williamson is also President of the Merchants' Bill Posting Co. of St. Louis, a new company recently organized by request of the St. Louis merchants, to carry on a legitimate bill posting business. Mr. Will- iamson has always been in close touch with the St- Louis merchants, and his new enter- prise of doing a national business will be ap- proved by them. This new company has no connection what- ever with any other sign company in St.- Louis or Chicago. It is well to state that St. Louis is better represented by Its various products throughout the country than any other city in the Union. A sign .painter in a small town in Ohio has built up a lucrative trade in "sidewalk signs." He paints signs on the sidewalks to front of stores, and as they have to be re- newed every day he has ail the work he can attend to. The American Sign Painters' Alliance is the name proposed for the new sign writers* association. Much interest is manifested in the Sign Painters' Association, but many sign paint- ers have jumped at the conclusion that "The Billboard" proposed it and Is organizing it. This is erroneous. We were informed that such an organization was needed, announced the fact, and offered to agitate the subject and aid the movement. We can not undertake' the work of organization, because we have neither the ability nor time. FX>R ANY PURPOSE. Our one-sheet Uncle Sam Poster is the besf poster extant to advertise a Fair or a Celebration, or in fact anything that needs publicity. We can print and ship same day we receive order. Prices: too, $4.25; 200, $6.75; 500, $13.00. Our new Flag Border used with our Stock Letter makes a great stand. Sample 75c. Patriotic Dodgers, in colors, 6 kinds. 1,000, $2.50; 2,000, $4.00. We can furnish you with everything necessary to advertise any kind of gathering. HENNEOAN & Cincinnati, Ohio. 1 I