F. H. Richardson's bluebook of projection (1935)

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ELECTRICAL ACTION 13 CD bear. Outside circuit wires attach to brushes CD, the circuit being completed through lamps G. If we remember what has been said about the direction of current flow in armature coils with relation to the field magnet, and assume it to be in the direction indicated bv the arrows, it is evident that in diagram A the Figure 2 flow will be into brush C, through lamps G and backthrough brush D into coil-side B. However, noting position of crank A and B, we see that in diagram B the coil has been rotated one-half a revolution, so that coil-side B in diagram A occupies the position in diagram B that coil-side A did in diagram A, hence the current now is flowing into commutator segment F, instead of commutator segment E, as in diagram A. And since brush C is now in contact with ring F and current still flows into it from the same direction as formerly, the current flow in the outside circuit is still in the same direction as it was in diagram A. Commutator segments E and F will be in contact alternately with brush C, hence the outside circuit will have current constantly flowing in one direction. This is termed "commutation" of current. Tn modern dynamos