F. H. Richardson's bluebook of projection (1935)

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110 RICHARDSON'S BLUEBOOK OF PROJECTION right angles both upon entering and leaving, it will pass straight through without being refracted in any degree. There will be loss at both surfaces through reflection, that will vary widely with the perfection of polish and the cleanliness of the surfaces. (45) Where the ray meets the lens surface at an angle there is not only refraction but also greater reflection, both refraction and reflection increasing as the angle of incidence increases. Figure 33 (46) Fig. 33 shows a bi-convex lens. FA represents the principal or optical axis, BB the plane of the lens and F is a point representing the center of a circle which the lens surface furthest away would form if the line representing its surface were continued; DD is a line representing the plane of the curved surface of the lens at the exact point ray FC enters ; FC and FG are light rays. Were FA a light ray, since it both enters and leaves the lens perpendicularly to both surfaces, it would not be refracted and would pass through straight as shown. Ray FC enters the lens at a considerable angle. The air and glass being of different density, the ray is refracted somewhat as shown by the dotted line; it passes straight through the body of the lens until it meets the second surface, also at an angle, whereupon it is again refracted, though less than at the first surface because