F. H. Richardson's bluebook of projection (1935)

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LENSES AND MIRRORS 111 the angle of incidence is less. There is a loss by reflection at both surfaces. Exactly the same action occurs with ray FG, and with all other rays incident upon the lens, refraction varying with the angle of incidence of each ray. Image Formation (47) All rays converging upon object X. in Fig. 34, that reach the surface of the lens will be refracted to meet again (be focused) at a point in image Y that corresponds to object X. At the image point the rays Figure 34 may spread over a larger or smaller area than they occupied at the object — the image being either magnified or diminished. Points X and Y are the conjugate foci points of the lens. If object X is moved nearer the lens, image Y is automatically moved further away and magnified. If object X is moved further away, image Y is moved nearer the lens and reduced in size. If object X is moved up to the focal plane of the lens (separated from the lens by its focal length) Y is at infinity — that is to say, infinitely far away. If X is moved closer to the focal plane of the lens, Y is lost, the rays leaving the lens in diverging lines. It is this law that is operative when the projection lens is moved backward or forward to focus the image sharply. In so doing the conjugate foci points are altered, though one of them only slightly. It must be remembered that one conjugate foci point (optic center