F. H. Richardson's bluebook of projection (1935)

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124 RICHARDSON'S BLUEBOOK OF PROJECTION square. In one sheet cut a hole one inch square or smaller. Trace the outline of this hole on the other sheet. Mount the opening in the dark paper over a hole cut in a large sheet of opaque wrapping paper. Next suspend the wrapping paper over an open window and with the help of two assistants, focus the lens on the opening until its image exactly fills the space within the traced outline on the second black sheet. Measure the exact distance from wrapping paper to the second black sheet. Divide the sum by 4 and the result is the E. F. of the lens. Working Distance and Lens Diameter (109) When using certain types of condenser, working distance and lens diameter become important items in obtaining even screen illumination and in avoiding waste of light. The projectionist may determine whether or not the condition is correct with a little effort. Figure 39 (110) Open the projector gate and remove anything which obstructs the view of the aperture and the lens. Project a white light to the lens and blow smoke into the mechanism casing. Instantly the light beam will become sharply visible and its exact diameter where it meets the lens may be observed. Do not run the mechanism during the operation as air disturbance by the projector shutter will make the view of the beam less distinct. Hold a white paper or cloth at the rear end of