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174 RICHARDSON'S BLUEBOOK OF PROJECTION
words, if we look at the film from the emulsion side, with the picture wrong side up, the sound band will be at the right, as in Fig. 54, in which it is labeled "scanned area." (9) It will be on the right side when the film is in the projector, (10) the film always being threaded into the mechanism with the image upside down. (11) The sound track is 0.084 inch wide, with an allowable tolerance of error of 0.002 inch. (12) The sound is photographically impressed upon this sound band, either in the form known as 'Variable area" or 'Variable density," (13) the first being the RCA method, the second the Western Electric method. These two methods are explained on page 426.
(14) The sound impression may be made on a film simultaneously with the photographing of the scenes — ■ but on a separate negative or, as the news reels do, simultaneously on the same negative — or they may be made at separate intervals. In any case, the sound and the image are in synchronism when they are combined in the positive print.
(15) When sound and scenes are made at different intervals of time the lip movement may not be in exact synchronism with the sound, though close enough so that the audiences detect no imperfection. Where sound and picture is impressed upon separate films, as is usually done, there are certain guiding synchronizing marks impressed on each so that when the sound and picture are later combined in the positive print the effect is perfect.
(16) The producer may purchase unperf orated stock and perform the perforating operations in his laboratories though most producers use perforated stock, both negative and positive. (17) There are eight perforations, or sprocket holes, to each frame of pictures, four on each side. (18) There are sixteen frames and therefore (19) 128 perforations, 64 to a side, to each fpot of film.
(20) It is important to examine the rights of the projectionist concerning the film while it is under his charge and what he has the right to expect from the film ex