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THE FILM 177
by badly adjusted sprocket idlers, poorly made splices, loose splices and by other means.
Scratches in the emulsion due to rewinding without a proper tail reel brake, which requires that the film roll be pulled down by holding one reel stationary while the other is being rotated; by bits of emulsion or film cement that stick to the projector parts, the emulsion side of the film rubbing against them in its passage through the projector.
Dry and therefore brittle film which is easily susceptible to damage.
Excessive speed of rewinding, particularly if the rewinder elements are out of line with each other.
Loose splices caused by improper scraping of the emulsion from the front and careless removal of oil or dirt from the back of the splice or by poor or damaged film cement. Too much or too little cement is also bad. Insufficient or unevenly applied pressure upon the splice while it is "setting" is often the cause of trouble.
Punching, scratching or pasting on of change-over marks.
Punching of identifying marks on the film by the exchange which the projectionist must remove to avoid their appearance upon the screen.
(27) All the foregoing types of damages to film and, additionally, many others, may be avoided if the exchange and the projectionist conscientiously exercise care in their handling of prints.
Prints should be packed in shipping cases tightly so that they cannot move around when in transit.
Reels should not be overloaded with excessive footage.
The outer layer of film should be protected by paper bands pulled tightly and well secured.
Proper inspection should be made at the exchange to repair loose splices ; untrimmed or cracked sprocket holes and torn parts, particularly, tears or cracks at the divisions between sprocket holes.
Rewinder elements in the projection room should be in, perfect alignment so that the film will not rub on either side of the reel.