F. H. Richardson's bluebook of projection (1935)

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THE PROJECTOR 235 the entire cone will enter the aperture opening and therefore become available to the projection lens. This pin-hole experiment should be very interesting to projectionists. The action of each cone of light may be investigated by blowing smoke into it. Tobacco smoke will serve, all film first having been put carefully away. A thin metal plate with drilled pin holes may be used, provided the experiment is made with a piano-face converging lens and the plate lies snugly against the lens. (97) Projectionists may lay out the effective beam as per Fig. 68 in which line AB is on the optical axis and just long enough to reach from aperture B to plane of converger at A, broken lines representing the outline of the converger light beam as a whole. CC is the cooling plate. Figure 68 All light outside of lines DD is wasted light and of no value when considering shutter action. The light between lines DD is the only light that is effective, hence it constitutes the "effective beam." The Gear Train (98) The gear train not only drives the entire motion picture projector mechanism, but also, as shown in Fig. 63, locks the intermittent movement cam, A, to the rotating shutter so that they rotate in exact synchronism— the shutter making one complete revolution to each complete cycle of action of the intermittent sprocket. At 90 feet per minute projection speed the intermittent sprocket acts 24 times per second. Through