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430 RICHARDSON'S BLUEBOOK OF PROJECTION
arranged in many layers like the layers of an onion, one inside the other.
In ordinary electrical work, nothing can ever be taken from an atom except one of its outermost negatrons. The positron, or positive electricity, has only been separated in a very few laboratories.
(5) All the electricity we know and work with is negative electricity.
The details of the structure of atoms, even in this extremely sketchy description, are of no practical importance to the projectionist, who need not bother to remember them, except for the sake of interest or curiosity. All he need remember is that he can't work with, or obtain, anything except negative electricity. All his electrons are negative — negatrons. That one point should be remembered. It will explain almost everything" else.
(6) Negatrons are detached from atoms in photoelectric cells, in vacuum tubes and in any ordinary battery. The means used in each case will be explained in detail further along.
(7) Negatrons moving through a conducting wire constitute what we call an electric current. They have plenty of room to move in a solid copper wire because the wire itself is composed of atoms of copper, and an atom of copper is a very small core surrounded by clouds of negatrons, somewhat as you might imagine an apple hung in the air, and surrounded by clouds of buzzing flies. But all negatrons are negative and like charges repel. The outer negatrons of one atom have a repellant effect upon the outer negatrons of its neighbors. There is space between the atoms, which after all are mostly clouds of negatrons. Copper wire seems solid to us, even under a microscope. But a negatron which is not part of any atom and is moving through the wire as part of a current finds the interior of that wire almost entirely open space.
Negatrons have been weighed and measured. When 6,281,000,000,000,000,000 (six quintillion, 281 quadrillion) of them pass through the ammeter in one sec