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ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICITY 431
ond's time, they constitute an ampere of current. That number of them will light a hundred-watt lamp for one second. (8) They constitute one coulomb of current. (9) And the flow of one coulomb in one second constitutes one ampere; one coulomb in two seconds being one-half ampere, and so on.
Negations, Electric Charges and Currents
Negatrons exist everywhere on earth, apart from any atom or any positrons. (10) Wherever an exceptionally large concentration of them exists the place or object carrying them possesses a negative charge. (11) Wherever there are less than the normal number of negatrons, that place or object has a positive charge.
(12) Since all negatrons are negative, and like charges repel, negatrons will move away from each other if they can, by force of their mutual repulsion. They will spread out until their concentration, which is the negative charge, has disappeared. And since opposite charges attract, they will by preference move in the direction of a positive charge — that is, toward a point where there exists less than the normal concentration of negatrons. One might almost say they don't like each other — they will always move away from a crowd of their own kind, if they can, to a place where fewer of their kind exist.
(13) Negatrons in motion constitute a current. (14) Their mutual repulsion, the attraction of a positive charge, or any other force that impels them to move is called an electro-motive force.
Conductors and Insulators
We are not concerned here with liquids but only with solid conductors. (15) Those solid substances through which a relatively small electro-motive force will move large numbers of negatrons are said to conduct current readily. Such substances are called "conductors." (16) Others are called insulators. Some materials (carbon is an example) do not fall clearly within either class, but may be regarded either as poor conductors or im