F. H. Richardson's bluebook of projection (1935)

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MATHEMATICAL TERMS Following are mathematical terms frequently used in technical operations and important enough to be given definitions in this volume. An Integer is a number that represents whole things. A whole number in contradistinction to a fraction. An Abstract Number is a number that does not refer to any particular object. A Concrete Number is one employed to designate objects or quantities. Factors of a number are numbers which, multiplied by themselves equal that number, as 2 and 3 are factors of 6 because 2X3 = 6. A Multiple of a number is any number exactly divisible by that number, as 4 is a multiple of 2 because 4 is divisible by 2 without a fraction. To square any number it is only necessary to multiply it by itself, as 5 X 5 = 25, which latter is the square of 5. To cube any number, multiply it by itself and that result again by the number, as 3 X 3 = 9 and 9X3 = 27. 27 is the cube of 3. Rule of Three. The old "rule of three" is often a very convenient medium for solving problems in proportion, as, if ten items cost six dollars, how much would four similar items cost? Once understood the rule may be applied in many ways. Tt works as follows : Suppose 30 cubic inches of iron weigh 8 pounds and you wish to know how much 378 cubic inches of the same kind of iron would weigh. This it is evident is a case of direct proportion in which the required answer in pounds will 700