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ELECTRICAL APPARATUS COMPO
52), be less than 0.707 of the d.c. volt r which they
are rated.
(84) In replacing condensers, it is important that the
replacement have a voltage rating which leaves an ample safety factor with reference to the circuit in which it is installed; in some circuits the capacitance must be exactly
the same as that of the condenser which was replaced; in other circuits the replacement may have greater, l»ut never a less, capacitance. Particular care must be taken to avoid the error of installing an electrolytic d.c. condenser
as a replacement for a paper condenser in any circuit carrying a.c.
(85) When condensers are connected in parallel their capacitances add. Thus 4 microfarads in parallel with 2 microfarads make a total capacitance of six microfarad-. The effect is exactly the same as if the plates of one con denser were given a larger area. When condensers air wired in series the effective capacitance is reduced. That is to say, the effect is the same as though the insulating layer of one condenser were made thicker. The formula for condensers in series is :
1 C =
1
1
l
—
+
—
+
—
c
o
etc.,
but if condensers connected in series are all of equal capacitance it is only necessary to divide by their number. Two 6 microfarad condensers in series have an effective capacitance of 3 microfarads; three such condensers in series have an effective capacitance of 2 microfarads, etc Note that condensers in series arc figured like' resistors in parallel, and condensers in parallel are figured like n tors in series (Pages 43-44).
Tubes
(86) Electrons seeking to move from negative top live will flow not only through conducting metals, but also