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90 RICHARDSON'S BLUEBOOK OF PROJECTION
through certain liquids, or through a vacuum and under some circumstances, through gases.
(87) Liquids and solutions which are capable of conducting current are at all times slightly ionized — that is to say, some of their atoms have lost an atomic electron or electrons, which same exist in the liquid in a free state, while the atoms that lost them, then called ions, become positive by reason of their loss. An ion meeting an electron in the liquid attracts it and becomes an atom again ; while some other atom splits off an electron and temporarily becomes an ion. If two conductors charged at different polarities be dipped into such a liquid or solution, all free electrons will migrate to the positive conductor (the positive electrode, or anode) ; while the positively charged ions will move to the negative conductor, or cathode. There the ions will be neutralized by picking up an electron or electrons from the cathode and drift back into the solution, eventually to ionize again and repeat the process. The free electrons in the liquid, contacting the anode, enter it and continue around the circuit to the positive source. The effect is a flow of current through the liquid.
(88) If the two electrodes be sealed into a glass tube which has been filled with a suitable gas, normally current will not flow because gases ordinarily are not ionized. However, if the voltage between the electrodes be made sufficiently high, it will disrupt and ionize some of the gas atoms, the atomic electrons being torn away by the attraction of the negatively charged electrode ; and the positive portion of the atom (the positive ion) being attracted to the cathode. The ions pick up new electrons at the cathode and go through the same cycle again ; the whole process resembling conductivity in a liquid.
(89) Conductivity in gases may be greatly increased by assisting the ions to obtain electrons from the cathode. If the cathode can be made to give off or "emit" electrons of its own accord, the current through the gas at a given voltage will be much greater. Emission of electrons is promoted by heating the cathode to a high temperature. This is done by sealing a filament into a suitable tube,