F. H. Richardson's bluebook of projection (1942)

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ELECTRICAL APPARATUS COMPONEXTS 91 coating it with insulating material, and coating thai material in turn with the cathode. The filament is then heated by sending a current through it. the heat being transmitted through the insulating material to the cathode. In every substance at a temperature above absolute zero the molecules are in a permanent state of vibration, the energy of which is proportionate to their temperature. Increasing the temperature ii > the molecular vibration of all substances. In the case of metals (particularly of certain metals and metallic oxides) high temperature vibration of their component molecules shakes loose atomic electrons with such force that those near the surface are ejected, or emitted. (90) Fig. 40 shows a cathode and anode sealed inl glass envelope, as before described, with provision for insulation B circuit A Circuit Figure 40 heating the cathode by means <»t" an insulated filament. Fig. 41 shows exactly the same arrangement, with the important exception that the filament and cathode are one and the same structure. Nevertheless there are two distinct circuits, the A and B circuit, in Fig. 41, just a Fig. 40, and the current in each follows a path back to its own source.