F. H. Richardson's bluebook of projection (1942)

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184 RICHARDSON'S BLUEBOOK OF PROJECTION spherical aberration, chromatic aberration and other faults inherent in simple, single lenses are corrected. Light Ray (28) A thin line of light having no appreciable area of cross section. Meniscus Lens (29) A lens having one convex and one concave surface. A lens that tends to diverge rays of light leaving it. See Fig. 77. Perpendicular (30) Optically, perpendicular means at right angles to. Plane (31) As applies to a lens, a line passing through its diameter exactly at right angles to its principal axis. Piano Convex Lens (32) A lens that is flat on one side and convex on the other. See Fig. 77. Principal Axis (33) An imaginary line passing through the exact center of a lens precisely perpendicular to its plane. Projection Angle (34) The angle between the axis of the projected light beam and a horizontal line. Refraction (35) The bending of light rays caused by leaving a transparent medium of one density and entering a transparent medium of different density. Refraction is based upon the following law: Light rays travel in perfectly straight lines through any transparent medium of uniform density. They are refracted (their course altered) in the act of leaving one medium and passing into another of different density, provided entry into the second medium is at an angle to its surface. There is no refraction if the angle of incidence is zero.