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The opinions on the best method of handling duplicating negative material vary almost as greatly as do those on duplieating positive, but it is general practice to develop duplicate negatives in the picture negative developer to a gamma value of anything between 0.5 and 0.65, and the appearance of the developed film is slightly heavier than that of the original negative.
Developing Solutions Developer formulas vary considerably in
the various laboratories. For picture negative and duplicate negatives the developers used are of the Kiodak fine grain D.76 type, with certain modifications of this formula to suit the conditions obtaining on the particular type of developing machine used.
The list given below gives some repre
(Grams to 1.0 Litre)
Chemical D.76 Metol Aig et ieee 2.0 Sod. Sulphite (Anhyd.) 100.0 Hydroquinone ... ass 5.0 Borax : aes 3 ae 2.0 Boric Acid a. ie ae = Pot. Metabisulphite... as = Pot. Bromide ... oe oe a Water to make 1.0
Replenisher solutions vary considerably, some laboratories using the original formula, while others use a doublestrength solution. With regard to the development of Western Electric sound track negative, some laboratories, because of the particular type of developing machine used, are able to process this type of film in the same solution used for the development of picture negative film, but in general it can be said that a special borax formula must be used. This is due to the fact that sound recording film has a considerably higher rate of development than has picture negative film, and the requirements of the variable density system call for an extremely low
sentative motion picture negative
developers :— A B nh Cc D 2.75 1.35 2.0 1.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 90.0 2.75 1.35 5.0 0.75 8.0 1.0 8.0 1.0 8.0 = 8.0 = = a — 0.50 ee 0.50 0.025 — 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
gamma value ; consequently, the time of development of the negative track would be reduced to somewhere in the neighbourhood of two minutes in the normal picture negative formula, waich is impracticable for control purposes.
For the development of positive prints, variable width sound track, duplicating positive, nearly al] laboratories can be said to use a modification of the Kodak D.16 formula, which is a high contrast developer. Frequently the citric acid content in the original D.16 formula is omitted in the developer used by the laboratory.
Below are given some representative. motion picture positive developers :—
(Grams to 1.0 Litre)
Chemical
Elon (Metol) fo sale Sod. Sulphite (Anhydrous) Hydroquinone ... ae Sod. Carbonate (Anhydrous) Pot. Bromide oe Citric Acid he
Pot. Metabisulphite
Water to make .
A typical fixing and hardening bath for negative and positive film is :—
NCW Oe sen ns ae ... 240 grams Sod. Sulphite (Anhydrous) 3.0 grams Acetic Acid (28% pure) 18.0 cc. Powdered Potassium Alum 6.0 grams 1.0 litre
Water to make
D.16 A B 0.30 0.30 0.30
40.0 60.0 40.0 6.0 14.0 6.0
18.75 21.60 32.0 0.90 0.80 0.90 0.70 — 0.70 1.50 ae 1.50 1.0 1.0 1.0
Printers, Printer Matching, Printing.
There is a wide variety of release printing apparatus used in the motion picture film laboratories throughout the world ; and it is manifestly impossible to do more than give a short explanation of a few of the different makes. In all release printers