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the negative and positive films are in contact at the moment of exposure.
There are, however, two different types of printer used for release printing, one in which the films move continuously past a printing slit called a ‘‘ continuous
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printer,’’ and the other in which the picture is printed frame by frame, called an ‘‘ intermittent printer.’? Since it is obviously impossible to print sound by the intermittent method, intermittent printers usually have a further attachment for continuously printing sound track.
In order to minimise slippage of the two films at the printing aperture on continuous printers due to the fact that the developed negative will necessarily be shrunken in comparison to the positive raw stock, it is.customary to employ a curved gate on continuous printers.
A continuous printer Jargely used in the U.S. and also in this country is the BellHowell Model ‘D,’ shown in Fig. 4. The speed of operation of this printer varies somewhat according to the requirements of the laboratory in which it is installed, but in general it
can be said to operate satisfactorily at the recommended speed of sixty feet per minute up to about one hundred feet per minute.
The model ‘‘ D”’ printer, in common with most other types, is often considerably modified to suit the particular conditions obtaining at the laboratory. In their original form the model ‘‘ D”’ printers print sound and picture in two operations, and in the United States they are often modified so as to print sound and picture as a single operation, thus effecting a decided economy in time. For the same reason the printer light change, which in the normal machine is effected by. a variable shutter opening with a constant intensity light source, requiring an operator in attendance, is in many cases modified so that printer light changes are made by means of external resistances in the lamp circuits. Some of these printers are fitted with what are called ‘‘ five-way gates,’’ which are masks which can be moved so
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that sound track can be printed on ‘either side of the positive at will, thus eliminating negative rewinding. Change of printing lights is made by means of a notch cut in the side of the negative film at the appropriate position.
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