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typical optical printer for special effects would be a task requiring considerably more time than the subject warrants in a general description of motion — picture laboratory practice. It is sufficient to point out that this type of printer is a complex mechanism usually employing camera movements.
A Debrie Optical Printer for special effects is shown in Fig. 9. The operation of this printer is automatic and the various movements can all be pre-set.
From this discussion of a few different makes of printer it can be readily seen that
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there are two methods in use for effecting light changes. One of these methods is to use a constant intensity light source and make changes at the printing aperture by mechanical means, such as variable shutters, or variable aperture travelling mattes, and the other method, most popular in this country, of making light changes by means of resistances in the lamp circuit.
In either method, all printers are matched by simple photographic photo
and developing the prints together.
metry in which a print is made on all printers from a test negative using a certain printer light value on each printer The prints are then examined visually, or the resulting densities measured on a densitometer. If a printer is not giving the same results as the others, the necessary changes are made to bring it into alignment, These changes may involve the changing of lamps, the use of supplementary resistances, or an alteration in the position of the lamp, depending upon the type of printer used. Direct current is always
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used for printer light sources, and alternating current is frequently used for printer drives, when semi-synchronous motors ensure a constant printing speed. Printing rooms are usually kept at a 70 per cent. relative humidity.
The Cinex Sensitometer
The grading (as the determining of the correct printing exposure for a negative is called in this country) of picture negative is a visual operation in most laboratories,