Celluloid : the film to-day (1931)

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THE REVIVAL OF NATURALISM EMILE ZOLA AND THE CINEMA The birth and progress of the Naturalistic novel during the nineteenth century, and the fight pursued with inexhaustible energy by the exponents of Naturalism against the Romantic and Academic traditions are familiar facts with the student of literature. That the battleground of this struggle, with its far-reaching effects, should have been France is not unnatural. New ideas were at the same time revolutionizing painting and politics. And France has always been a country eminently suitable as an environment for intellectual campaigns. In brief, the Naturalistic novel proceeded from Balzac (hide-bound in a defence of monarchy and authority, yet " observing from life ") to Gustave Flaubert, who laid the foundation stone of the new movement in the immortal, and at the time, immoral " Madame Bovary." But Flaubert turned his back on the realistic method, disdainful of his own accomplishment. It was for Emile Zola and his disciples to lift the stone of Naturalism and to fling it in the face of the world. And the missile has left its dent on the face of the cinema. 215