Charlie Chaplin (1951)

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I V the motion picture industry, December 1913, and a note on Mack Sennett December 1913, when Chaplin entered motion pictures, was a period of change and chaos like the shift to sound films in the summer of 1928. It was marked by competition from abroad, the rise of new companies springing up to meet the competition with feature-length pictures in place of the standard tworeelers, and an influx of screen adaptations of plays, and of actors from the stage, amounting almost to a migration of Broadway to Hollywood. In these changes old production companies passed out of existence and the screen industry's originators and founders were thrust into the shade! Although American films were technically in advance of the foreign output, they were shorter and less imposing. In France, theatre celebrities like Sarah Bernhardt were appearing before the camera in versions of their stage successes. Italy was producing almost twohour-long spectacles like "Quo Vadis," "The Last Days of Pompeii," and "Cabiria." This competition forced American companies to change their policies and re-gear their production. Adolph Zukor formed the Famous Players Company and signed world-famous stage stars to make feature-length pictures based on famous plays. He was followed by others. As they forged ahead, older companies like Edison,