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as Standard. Films and projectors below this size are known as Sub-standard, such as 8-mm., 9.5-mm., 16-mm., 17.5-mm., etc. This is the generally accepted meaning of the term "substandard", but for two very important reasons it is not quite correct to include 16-mm. within this category. The first and obvious reason is because both 16-mm. and 35-mm. were made Standard by the Society of Motion Picture Engineers many years ago — a fact recorded in the 1935 edition of "Richardson's Bluebook of Projection/'
The second reason is because manufacturers have long been engaged in the betterment of the 16-mm. machines alone, and in many cases during the war, ceased production of the other sub-standard machines, altogether. This state of affairs was brought about by the enormous demand for training films and entertainment of the Services, and later by the immediate requirements of our schools.
The manufacturers are thus supplying a projector which meets the demand of a million new customers — a projector, which though light and portable, must be capable of giving a slick professional show to audiences numbering up to 1,000 people, and in some cases, for audiences of double that number.
Many of these projectors now cost from £200 to £300 and are described as being "truly professional models' ' by the makers; a phrase which is perfectly true for the majority of new machines, but which obviously cannot be reconciled with the term "substandard." But what of the cheap "toys" which were sold in the shops prior to the war? Some were hand-cranked models, and in more ways than one, were definitely sub-standard. It is obvious, therefore, and perhaps a necessity, to find a new name for the modern 16-mm. sound-on-film projector, for there is nothing sub-standard about its design or performance.
And we must not forget the new cinemas now being fitted with 16-mm. projection equipment, especially those to be found in small communities and in countries where rebuilding after the war is not economically possible. In Britain, for instance, the number of 16-mm. statics has grown from half a dozen to nearly 200 since the end of the war, and a large number of others are now being planned.
Facts and figures do not always present a clear indication of what is happening within a certain industry, but those which
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