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GRAININESS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPOSITS 241
development, and the conditions of acidity and hardening action of the hypo were not found to have an appreciable effect on graininess. Hardv and Jones-8 studied the graininess of the positive print resulting from negatives exposed and processed differently. For all cases presented the graininess of the prints increased with density to a maximum in the region of density 0.4 to 0.7 and then decreased with further density increase. They summarized their results in the following words:
1. It has been found that the negative exposure in the taking camera has considerable influence on the graininess of the resulting positive print. The minimum graininess is obtained bv a nv'nimum exposure. The graininess increases continuously with increase in exposure.
2. The time of development of the negative has practically no effect on the graininess of the resulting print when the develonment of the print is adjusted to compensate for the differences in the contrast of the negatives.
3. The use of diluted developing solutions to develop the negative produces a slight increase in the graininess of the print. This effect can usually be ignored in practice.
4. The graininess of the print was found to be almost independent of the developing agent used to develop the negative. Practically all of the common materials such as pTTro, metol-hvdroouinone in various combinations, amidol, et-c, were tred and only negligibly small differences found between them.
5. Contrary to the claims that'are often made, the fixing, washing and drying conditions were found to have no effect on graininess. The photographic materials were subiected to very severe conditions of warm solutions and slow drving in warm moist air but no increase in graininess could be measured.
6. The effect of the light used in printing on the graininess of the print was investigated. Printing by ultraviolet light was found to decrease the graininess. The graininess was found to be less when a diffuse beam of light was used in place of the usual parallel or specular beam. Practical considerations, however, make it undesirable to attempt to decrease graininess by this means.
7. The graininess of the print was found to be practically independent of the concentration or the nature of the developing agent.