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120 CINEMATOGRAPHIC ANNUAL
might be stated here that the agent in this developer playing the greatest part is the sulphite. This developer is also referred to as the "fine grain developer" and it is the sulphite which is doing the work toward the accomplishment of this purpose. It is well known, chemically, that sulphite in excess acts as a partial solvent to the developing of silver halides.
When a sensitometric study is made of modifications of the borax developer, and by modifications is meant a change in the quantities of the chemical constituents of that developer, it will be observed, upon a study of the time of development — gamma relationship, that there is very little difference in the general shape of this curve. Changing the amounts of the constituents of that developer primarily do nothing more than change the rate of development, which means that these modifications will enable a laboratory to produce its specific and desired negative gamma in certain stated times of development which appeal particularly to the individual laboratories. It is found by experiment and observation that several laboratories obtaining negative gamma in the neighborhood of 0.68 arrive at this gamma in the same type of developer, that is, the borax type, in times of development which vary from 8J/2 to 12 minutes, however, the ultimate result is practically the same.
B
Development of Picture Positive
In giving consideration to the development of the picture positive thought must be given to the extent of development, or gamma, of the negative that is to be printed. It is desirable pictorially to have on the screen not only a faithful reproduction of the scenes taken, but an added artistic quality which enhances the beauty of the picture. Brilliant pictures are generally desired and it is found that positive gammas in the neighborhood of 1.80 to 2.00 produce a very pleasing effect in working from negatives having a gamma of 0.65. Some producing companies object to the overall contrast which is obtained in developing their positive to a gamma of 2.00 and many accomplish their desired result by developing to gammas of lesser value, oftentimes in the neighborhood of 1.80. Prior to sound photography it is rather safe to assume that the more contrasty type of picture was desired and the value of 2.00, as stated, is not exaggerated. However, it so happened that at the beginning of sound photography photographic quality had changed somewhat and generally softer final pictures were being seen on the screen. Of course changes in types of emulsions, both negative and positive, had some little bearing on this, but the greatest cause was due to the fact that great use was being made of diffusion disks and soft focus lenses. With sound accompanying the pictures the soft type of picture which was being produced did not appear satisfactory. Every endeavor was made toward clear cut sound recordings and a soft picture did not fit in with the sound recording. As a result much of the diffusion disk work was discontinued and not only different negatives but different positives somewhat more clear cut but at the same time relatively