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LIGHT FILTERS AND THEIR USE IN CINEMATOGRAPHY
Ned Van Buren, A. S. C*
CINEMATOGRAPHY, as practiced today, differs appreciably from the cinematography of five years ago. At that time there was but one type of negative film on the market and with the light sources available this film, under those light sources and under daylight conditions, proved adequate for the needs of that time.
However, as time passed it was desirable to produce on the screen different effects which caused the observer to more completely enjoy what was being shown. The present day effects in cinematography could not be accomplished with the use of the old type regular negative film.
About three years ago panchromatic negative film was used very sparingly. One of the reasons for this was the fact that it was difficult to handle this film in development unless the complete lighting arrangement was changed. This placed a burden on the laboratory. Also, a cameraman experienced difficulties because he was up against the proposition of contrast. The earlier type panchromatic films gave more contrasty results pictorially than the regular negative. Furthermore, the cameraman was confronted with the idea that to use panchromatic negative properly it was necessary to use light filters. These difficulties did in reality exist. About two years ago, however, a new softer type of panchromatic film was put on the market, the characteristics of which were similar to regular negative, as far as contrast was concerned, but the results on which were vastly different in that a simple test proved the panchromatic film capable of color separation in the negative of objects photographed, that was not possible with the regular negative. From that time on the use of panchromatic film increased, while regular negative began to lose its foothold until at the present time panchromatic negative is used universally in the motion picture industry as the film on which the picture negative is recorded. As the cameraman became more familiar with the ability of panchromatic film to record more satisfactorily the objects photographed, it was natural that knowledge pertaining to the use of light filters was desired.
Before dealing at length with the subject of filters and their present day uses, it would be well to consider first some of the fundamental principles underlying photography, that is, the general subject of light. At the present time incandescent lamps are used to great extent indoors and of course sunlight and daylight are made use of on exteriors. Sunlight is referred to as white light. The light emitted by an incandescent lamp in which the lamp filament is tungsten is also referred to as white light. The reason for this is because by definition white light is made up of all visible colored light. It necessi
West Coast Division, Motion Picture Film Department, Eastman Kodak Company
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