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MOTION PICTURE STUDIO LIGHTING WITH INCANDESCENT LAMPS
R. E. Farnham*
THE present widespread use of incandescent lamps for motion picture photography began early in 1927 and closely followed the introduction of a successful cine panchromatic film. Occasional use had been made of high wattage gas-filled lamps, particularly the photographic blue types for special effects and close-ups, prior to this, but the limitations of photographic apparatus and emulsions made the results in no way comparable to those of the present era.
Producers employ properties and costumes of a great variety of colors in the making of a picture, but much of the advantage that might be gained from an accurate representation of these colors in the picture was lost because of the limited sensitivity of the older photographic materials. The great popularity of panchromatic film has been due to its ability to register all colors correctly. However, this film is relatively less sensitive to yellow-red than blue-violet light, and to derive the full value of this emulsion, light sources possessing a much greater proportion of red-orange-yellow light than blue-violet are necessary.
The spectral characteristics of light of the high efficiency, gas-filled lamp meet the requirements of the panchromatic emulsion particularly well. Since panchromatic film forms the base of all color photographic processes, incandescent lamps are equally well suited for photography in colors.
Subsequent experience with incandescent lighting has shown that:
( 1 ) Being absolutely quiet in their operation, incandescent units are especially desirable in sound picture production.
(2) Electrical labor for operating the lighting equipment has been reduced to a third or less of that previously required.
(3) The lighter weight of the equipment allows it to be handled more easily and quickly, making possible the photographing of more sets in a given period. Likewise, lighter and less expensive overhead supporting structures suffice.
(4) Because the light from the incandescent source can be so efficiently utilized and directed into areas where it is useful, one half or less electric energy is necessary than was heretofore required.
(5) The compactness of incandescent lamps and the variety of sizes and shapes available make possible many new and previously unobtainable lighting effects, including dimming.
Lighting Requirements
Lighting of motion picture sets involves intensity, distribution, and direction, as well as the color quality, of the light. The color
* Engineering Dept., Edison Lamp Works, National Lamp Works, General Electric Company.
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