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258 CINEMATOGRAPHIC ANNUAL
floor broadside. The same reflector, but with a suitable mounting for overhead work, serves admirably for lighting from above.
Modeling Lighting
With only general lighting, the illumination of a motion picture set would be flat and the various actors would be equally conspicuous from a brightness standpoint, owing to the lack of highlights and contrasts. To model the features properly, to give emphasis to certain actors, and to create an appearance of depth, additional lighting is employed to give much higher intensities over limited areas. This we designate as modeling lighting. To produce distinct highlights, intensities ranging from two to four times that of the general illumination are required, although ratios considerably higher are sometimes employed. Therefore, the modeling units must be capable of producing intensities of from 200 to 1,500 foot-candles, and with beam divergencies of from about 7 degrees to 30 degrees.
Two types of modeling units are commonly used — the reflector projector, and lens spotlamp. The (parabolic) silvered glass mirror projector utilizes approximately four times as much light from the lamft as the lens spot and is therefore much more widely used. The lens projector is somewhat more compact and finds application in "close-up" work.
Table 1 — Reflector type Modeling Units
Diameter of
Focal
Distance
Silvered Glass
Length
from lamp
Mirror
to Actors
(Inches)
(Inches)
(Feet)
MAZDA Lamp
18-20
6-8
12-20
2000-watt G-48 bulb
24
10
20-50
5000-watt G-64 bulb
36
15
5 0 and greater
10000-watt G-80 bulb
Silvered glass mirrors permit much more accurate control of the light and are most efficient. Softening of the light and flooding can be satisfactorily accomplished by diffusing doors.
When using the reflector projectors at the wider beam spreads, 20 to 30 degrees, the illuminated area tends to darken at the center due to the light rays forming the center of the beam moving outward at a greater rate than the outer rays, as the light source is moved away from the mirror focal point. A satisfactory method of improving the spot uniformity and still retaining a well defined spot is to employ a cover door of Solite wire glass.
Special Lighting Effects
Because of their compactness and convenience as well as the many sizes and shapes available, MAZDA Lamps are being used to create many lighting effects in which the lamps appear in the picture as contrasted to the higher wattage types employed as photographic light sources.
The customary lamps used for wall brackets and table lamps do not register through the high intensities and it has been necessary to