Cinematographic annual : 1930 (1930)

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298 CINEMATOGRAPHIC ANNUAL increased in intensity. Dead spots may be caused in this way. Again, in the throat of a loud speaker horn, waves from various parts of the diaphragm may meet so as to neutralize, thus causing the horn to cut off at a certain frequency. SOUNDING BODIES In general, sounds may be produced by irregular vibrations of bodies as well as by regular vibrations. Often we call the irregular ones noises, and the regular ones musical tones, but the distinction between pleasant and unpleasant, wanted and unwanted sounds is not so simple as this. Noises and tones have the same general physical characteristics and obey the same laws. But there are many well defined cases where the vibrations are regular, although they may be somewhat complicated. STRINGED INSTRUMENTS In the case of the stringed instruments, including the piano, instruments of the violin family, plucked string instruments, and others, the vibrations of the strings are communicated to the body or sounding board and thence to the air. But the strings always vibrate in a complicated manner resulting in the establishment of a "fundamental" or lowest tone, plus a series of "overtones." The fundamental is due to the vibration of the string as a whole, while the overtones are due to the vibration of the string in parts. The overtones are tones of higher frequency than the fundamental and generally are simple multiples of the fundamental frequency, such as two, three, four, five, etc., times the frequency of the fundamental. In the case of the G string of the violin, overtones may be distinguished which have as many as 15 times the frequency of the fundamental. The overtones are present in varying degrees of loudness in various instruments. They give brilliance or "quality" to the tone and cause the distinction between tones from different kinds of instruments. If these overtones are omitted from the sound recording (due to failure of the equipment to record certain ranges of frequencies) then important characteristics of the tones are lost and the ear recognizes that fidelity has not been attained. It can be demonstrated that the elimination of overtones causes the tones of various musical instruments to resemble each other.