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414 CINEMATOGRAPHIC ANNUAL
proper choice of the focal length of the lens used, and by the proper type of lighting. Fortunately, for the acoustic engineer, the impression of depth depends upon factors which are almost as effective with monaural as with binaural listening; namely, the change in the ratio of the intensity of the direct sound to the reverberation present.
The loss of direction, brought about by the use of one ear only, causes some rather unexpected results. When two ears are used, a person has the ability to consciously pay attention to sounds coming from a given direction, to the partial exclusion of sounds coming from other directions. With the loss of the sense of direction, which accompanies the use of monaural hearing, this conscious discrimination becomes much more difficult, and the incidental noises occurring in a scene, as well as any reverberation which may be present, are apparently increased to such an extent that they unduly intrude themselves on the hearer's notice. It is, therefore, necessary to hold the reverberation, including these noises, down to a lower loudness than normal, if a scene recorded monaurally is to satisfactorily create the illusion of reality, when listened to binaurally.
This apparent increase in reverberation and incidental noises may easily be heard, by completely stopping up one ear and listening with the other only. It is easier to detect the effect in a room, where the incidental noises are fairly loud, and where the amount of damping is slightly less than in the normal living room.
Since it is possible to create the illusion of depth or distance in both the visual and audible parts of the talking picture, it is necessary that the amount by which the voice appears to move forward and backward in the set, should correspond with the amount the image appears to move. The amount by which the voice appears to move forward and backward in the set, depends upon the amount of reverberation present, and upon the relative distance of the microphone from the foreground and background action. In general, the more reverberation present, or the further the microphone from the source of sound, the greater is the apparent distance of the voice from the near foreground. It has also been found by experience, that if the conditions have been made correct to obtain this illusion, then the voice or sound also appears to follow the picture across the screen.