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EXTERIOR LIGHTING
seconds. F 8 is the next diaphragm number giving an exposure in half the time as F ii ; one-half of one-sixteenth is one-thirtytwo, therefore, if we set the diaphragm at F 8 and turn at normal speed we will have a correctly exposed negative.
In regard to exposure in back lighting : In calculating exposure for back lighting it is usual to calculate the exposure for the lower tones in the picture, as the high lights where the sun strikes are always over-exposed. It is practically always necessary to use a lens hood or some sort of shield to protect the lens from the direct rays of the sun. When the sun sets low enough to be included in the picture it is then usually too dark for back lighting, and the effect then becomes either silhouette or moonlight effect. It is customary in most back lighting effects to light up the shadows by an inclined reflector placed between the foreground and the camera. Back lighting generally takes two to four times the exposure necessary in the same light when used in direct lighting.
This chart is calculated to give full shadow detail, at sea level, 42° North Latitude.
For altitudes up to 5,ocx) feet no change need be made. From 5,000 to 8,000 feet take ^ of the time in the table. From 8,000 to 12,000 feet use }^ of the exposures in the table.
Exposure for average landscapes with light foreground, river scenes, light colored buildings, monuments, snow scenes with trees in foreground. The data compiled for use with Eastman's standard motion picture film and cemeras with 50 per cent shutter opening.
The exposures given are approximately correct, but usable negatives can be obtained with 3^ and Y^ less time where it is not possible to give more on account of small apertured lens or 34 opening shutter. Allowance should be made, however, for smaller shutter opening whenever possible.
Forty-two degrees North Latitude is that of New York and the Northern States. For Southern Canada use next larger sized stop and in the winter months perhaps two sizes larger. For Southern California, Florida and the Southern States, the next size smaller will be sufficient generally except in the early morning and late evening hours, when the opening shall be according to the chart or even increased. When the light is red or yellow where the indicated stop numbers are underlined, the
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