Copyright term, film labeling, and film preservation legislation : hearings before the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on H.R. 989, H.R. 1248, and H.R. 1734 ... June 1 and July 13, 1995 (1996)

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167 the date of first publication, plus a second term of 14 years should the author be living at the expiration of the first term. " The other six states adopted single terms ranging from 14 years to 21 years. ' 3. The 1790 CopvriEfat Act. In the deliberations over the drafting of the U.S. Constitution, there appears to have been near unanimity among the framers that copyright and patent should fall within federal powers. James Madison, in writing the Federalist Pai?ers. only devoted one paragraph to the Copyright-Patent Clause in which he observed that the "utility" of the provision could "scarcely be questioned." One of the early tasks performed by the first Congress was passage of the Copyright Act of 1790. " This historic legislation established an initial copyright duration term of 14 years, to be followed, should the author still be living, by a 14 year renewal term. This term was the same as the Statute of Anne's and also that of six states imder the Articles of Confederation. In 1831, Congress increased the term to 28 years, with a renewal term of 14 years. ^'' The purpose of increasing copyright duration was to place "authors in this country more nearly upon an equality with authors of other countries.' " England had, as previously meiuioned, changed its term in 1814 to 28 years plus life if the author was still living at the end of the 28th year. " James J. Guinan, Duration of Copyright. Coovrieht Office Smdv No. 30 (1957), Subcomm. on Patents. Tradgmaric and Copyrights of the "^at^ rnmm on the Judiciary. 86th Cong. 2d Sess., COPYRIGHT LAW REVISION STUDIES 1 (Comm. Print 1960). " Massachusetts, Rhode bland, and Virginia adopted a single term of 21 yean. New Hampshire adopted a single term of 20 yean, and North and South Carolina adopted a single term of 14 years. " 1 Stat. 124 (1790). '-' 4 Stat. 436(1831). " Repon of the Comminee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 7 Register of Debates, appendix CXIX. dirr\dunaon.loc July II. 199} 6