Copyright term, film labeling, and film preservation legislation : hearings before the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on H.R. 989, H.R. 1248, and H.R. 1734 ... June 1 and July 13, 1995 (1996)

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362 important of these is the need to ensure that creators, and their heirs, rather than publishers, obtain real opportunities to benefit from any prolongation of the term of protection, lest the resulting social costs become an intolerable subsidy to cultural industries that should stand on their own feet. Moreover, both Congress and the courts must take steps to ensure that these and other measures designed to affect only the specialized market for literary and artistic works do not end, in practice, by disrupting competition on the general products market, especially on those segments devoted to computer programs and other electronic information tools.** A. Substantial Compliance with International Minimum Standards 1. General Impact of the TRIPS Agreement The proposal to extend the basic term of copyright protection from fifty to seventy years after an author's death,'' as triggered by the European Communities' Directive to this effect,' is not mandated by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) , as ** See qenerz^lly, J.H. Reichman, Electronic Information I331&1 The Outer Edge of World Intellectual Property Law. 24 I. I.e. 446 (1993) [hereinafter Electronic Information Tools! . ^ SSS, H.R. 989, supra note 1. * See E.G. Directive, supra note 6, art. 1(1).