Copyright term, film labeling, and film preservation legislation : hearings before the Subcommittee on Courts and Intellectual Property of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on H.R. 989, H.R. 1248, and H.R. 1734 ... June 1 and July 13, 1995 (1996)

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385 stand on their rights vinder the Berne Convention, except when expressly overridden by the TRIPS Agreement,^ or, perhaps, when longer terms happened to benefit economically significant local Interests. As noted, the TRIPS Agreement requires a minimum term of fifty years for most literary and artistic productions that are attributed to corporate entities. ^^ Subject to this proviso, the Berne Convention, together with the neighboring rights provisions of the Rome Convention and of the TRIPS Agreement, allow member covintries to maintain shorter terms of protection for sound recordings, cinematographic or audiovisual works, fixations of performers' renditions, photographic works, works of applied art, anonymous or pseudonymous works, joint works, zmd works made for hire in general (Including computer programs) than those that might be operative in either the European Union (under its Directive harmonizing the term of protection) or in the United States (if Congress enacted H.R. 989), as the case might be.*" Moreover, the developing countries would continue to retain both their shorter, basic term of life plus fifty years," and their rights to invoke compulsory licenses for the use of certain " See supra notes 11-13 and accompanying text. "'^ See supra note llB-13 emd accompanying text. "' See TRIPS Agreement, supra note 5, arts. 9, 10, 12, 14; Berne Convention, supra note 3, arts. 2(7), 7, 7 iiXs.; Rome Convention, supra note 16, art. 14; supra text accompanying notes 9-44 (describing effects of E.C. Directive and H.R. 989). " Berne Convention, supra note 3, art. 7(1); TRIPS Agreement, supra note 5, art. 9(1).