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104 MODBEN MAGIO LANTEBNS. condenser. As each picture comes exactly opposite the lens the film is stopped, the lens uncapped for the picture to faU on the screen, then capped, and the film moves on for the next picture to be shown in the same way, the whole cycle of operations not taking much more than a- tenth to an-eighth of a second. In some the shutter is dis- pensed with, and reliance is placed upon the rapidity of the movement of the film from one picture to the next to mask such movement from the eye, the duration of such a moving picture being but a very smaU proportion of that of the stationary picture. It is necessary in aU of them for the film to be stopped while its image is thrown upon the screen, and then moved on. Practically speaking, an instrument which will project the pictures can with slight modifications, or with none at all, be used for taking them, although, as a rule, a special form of camera is employed for the purpose. The film is perforated on both sides with holes at a regular distance from each other. This perforation has to be most perfectly done to register, as upon it the perfection of the image when seen on the sheet depends very largely. Teeth or pins in the apparatus engage in the perforations, and so convey the film along its path. The standard size of film is about Ig inches wide, the dimensions of the image which is projected being 1| inch wide by ginch high. In the Lumi6re film there are two perforations, one on each side, for each picture. In the Edison film there are four perforations on each side. Some forms of apparatus are so made that the finished film is wound up on a spool after use. Before it can be shown again, however, it has to be rewound, as the wrong end for commencing is outwards when it has been wound up after going through the lantern. Very amusing results are some- times obtained by putting films through the lantern back- wards. There is in such case a great likelihood of damaging the film, and it should not be resorted to without fully understanding the risks which are run, since these long films are expensive. The apparatus for taking the picture, as we have already