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56 THE MOTION PICTURE are less rigid than those placed upon the projecting machine, because of the shorter period of rest. In the projecting machine, the film must be at rest for at least eighty per cent of the time, and must be shifted in the remaining twenty per cent of the picture interval. In the camera, the intermittent mechanism may be such as to use forty per cent of the picture interval in movement if desired. The margin of safety for a good picture in a camera is of greater importance than in a projecting machine. If the projecting machine is out of order, it is known immediately by the result upon the screen, and the machine is adjusted. If the camera is in any way out of order, it is known only when the films are developed at the end of the day's work, with the result that the day's work must be done over by the producer. The film in the camera must be motionless during the interval of exposure to the lens. The claw type of intermittent movement seems well adapted to this end, since the claws may advance into the perforations, seize and pull down the film and retire from the perforations entirely, leaving the film entirely out of contact with the film shifting mechanism and, therefore, to the greatest degree unaffected by the driving devices which, were there any actual con- tact between the driving devices and film, might cause a slight move- ment. During the period of rest of the film the claws return to the position from which they advance into the perforations to give the film its next step, and during this interval the exposure of the film to the lens is made. That the claw-shift mechanism subjects the film to greater wear than the sprocket movement becomes of less import- ance in the camera than in the projecting machine, since the film is run through the camera but once. In addition to the Edison camera, using the sprocket with perforated film strip, and the Urban, Gaumont, and many others using the claw movement with perforated film strip, all of which use intermittent movement of the film, there are two other classes of cameras— those which do not use the intermittent film movement and those which do not use the perforated film. The object in the use of cameras avoiding the perforated film and the intermittent movement usually is found in an intent to avoid patents bearing upon those features. The Bianchi camera, used by Columbia licensees, makes pictures upon a continuously moving film. The 124