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MOTOGRAPHY 57 Hamacek camera uses an unperforated film, the film being perforated after development of the negative. Loading Film Holders. Each film holder consists of a black box of thin wood with door and spindle. One side of the box opens as a door, either hinged or entirely removable. The spindle or hub passes through both sides of the box, back and door, turning in journal boxes carried by the back and the door, and usually being removable from the box merely by lifting out when the door is open. The hub has a clip or slot for attaching the end of the film, so that the film may be wound upon the hub when the hub is turned. Upon the end of the hub—usually upon that end which projects through the back of the film holder, but in the case of the removable hub the two ends should be alike—is a key way whereby the film move- ment of the camera may engage the hub and turn it to wind up the film. The key is a slot or a pair of holes for pins, and in the camera at the position for the take-up film holder is a key corresponding to the key way. The negative film will be supplied from the factory storage vault in rolls of 200 feet, perforated, rolled with an open center a little larger than the hub of the film box of the camera, and packed in a round, flat tin can sealed with adhesive tape. In loading an empty film holder, it is necessary only to open the door of the holder, open the tin box (in the darkroom), drop the roll of film over the spindle, pass the end of the film through the slot of the holder, and close the holder. In reloading a film holder containing exposed film, the proc- esses are different, depending upon whether the holder has a remov- able spindle or hub, and whether an extra hub is at hand for reloading the removable hub type of box. When the removable hub type of film holder is used, the factory should provide an extra hub with each roll of negative film, packing it in the tin box in the hollow center of the film roll. To reload, the camera man opens (in the darkroom) both tin film box and camera film holder, removes the new film from the box, lifts the exposed film from the camera film box to the tin box without removing the hub, upon which the film is wound tightly, and seals the tin box with the adhesive tape. He then fits the new hub to the film holder, drops the new roll of film over it, threads the end of the film through the slot, and closes the film holder. 125