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MOTOGRAPHY 77 contact printing even if proper results could be obtained in that manner. Since the standard roll of film furnished by the makers of the raw film is 200 feet, and since the developing cages are also of a size to handle the 200-foot rolls of film, the 1,000-foot negative is cut into five pieces of 200 feet each and the 200-foot length is the standard length through the factory up to the time for splicing together into the reel for shipment to the film exchange. The printing machines are of two types, stepping and rotary. The stepping printing machine has a film window and an inter- mittent film movement. There is no lens. An incandescent lamp is arranged to shine upon the film window, being adjustable in dis- tance from the window. The lamp is enclosed, to prevent leakage of white light into the printing room, and the film window is backed with ruby glass to permit the operator to see the image in the win- dow and to prevent leakage of white light. A framing device is a desirable feature of a stepping printing machine, and a necessity if the intermittent film movement is not entirely reliable. A project- ing motion head may be used as a printing machine, or in the case of amateur work the lens may be removed from the camera and the camera may be used as a stepping printing machine. The pro- jecting head has the framing device, while the camera has not, and either requires the printing lamp with its adjustment for distance to be added, after removing the lens. Two feed reels are provided, one for the negative and one for the raw positive film stock, the two ends being started through the film window together, film sides together and the negative next the light, so the light shines through the negative upon the positive. The shutter remains upon the machine. The operator then applies the power and keeps the image framed in the film window. A take- up reel rolls up the printed positive film, but it is customary to run the negative into an open basket and to rewind it before making the next print, so that the printing always proceeds from the same end of the negative. The stepping machine will print from 10 to 100 feet per minute. The continuous printing machine is much faster in operation than the stepping machine, printing from 40 to 500 feet per min- ute according to the quality of the negative, but the greater perfec- tion in mechanism required renders the continuous machine difficult 145