TeleVISIONS (1977)

18 The sudden flurry of publicity surprised no one, least of all the backers, some of whom had begun courting the press in anticipation of a refinancing deal. Unknown to Phil at the time, George Everson and Jess McCargar were quietly negotiating to cash out the rest of the Crocker Group, including Crocker, Fagan and Bishop. Not long after the Chronicle article appeared, fire swept through the second floor of 202 Green Street, charring all of Farnsworth’s equipment. The disaster underlined the hazards involved in Phil’s research; some of the chemicals they used, like potassium were highly volatile; vacuum tubes were still very fragile, and occasionally implode without warning; and there was always the lingering possibility that someone would touch the wrong terminal and get a blast from the strong currents and high voltages that were always present. Phil and the “lab gang” rebuilt quickly after the fire, hardly losing a stride in their frantic pace to make their invention commercially viable. Natural disasters could not stop Farnsworth, but the uncertainty of human nature could. In 1929, the activity backstage began to come to a head. Phil knew that changes were imminent when his funds were unceremoniously shut off. Under these conditions, he was faced with the unpleasant task of dismissing some of his men. Farnsworth rose to the task reluctantly, for he was being asked to lay ‘off the only people in the world who really understood what he was doing and the way he was doing it. He had trained most of these men personally, and felt that, as an investment, they were worth much more than the wage that they were paid. These men were an invaluable resource, the driving force that could make all the magic happen. Phil assured everybody that he would rehire them just as soon as the financing was straightened out. When the smoke finally cleared at Crocker Bank, Jess McCargar was no longer employed there, for reasons that have never been explained. Nevertheless, either in spite of losing his job — or because of it — McCargar and George Everson succeeded in buying out the remainder of the Crocker Group. Leaving Bishop, Fagan and the other behind, George and Jess reincorporated the venture as Television Laboratories Inc. and Jess was declared president and chief executive. George was named treasurer and Farnsworth, who continued to own a substantial share of the enterprise, was named the Director of Research. After squaring with the Crocker Group, Jess McCargar proposed to raise new funds for research by floating a stock issue. The task suited McCargar perfectly. This was the age of “beautiful nonsense” in the financial world and Jess McCargar was a creature of the times. He was a stock peddlar by trade, and had amassed a small fortune as a promoter of speculations and fancy ventures. Television seemed to McCargar like a highly promotable affair. The simple mention of the word in his circles seemed to evoke tremendous curiosity. Prospective investors always asked to see it for themselves, and once they came face to face with the electronic marvel, they were invariably impressed with what they saw. Television sold itself right from the beginning. McCargar had no trouble finding an adequate market for his stock. Farnsworth accepted the new circumstances with cautious enthusiasm. He was immeasurably grateful for the opportunity to resume his work, and he was certain that the threat of a sell out had been averted, at least for the time being. Still, the situation seemed far from perfect. There was a lingering aroma around all these financial shenanigans. But Phil concealed his ill-ease from his friends and colleagues by assuring them with hollow confidence that “everything would work out all right.” Back East, the news of a breakthrough on the West Coast spread quickly among the giants of the electronics industry. However, the important details of Farnsworth’s work remained a closely guarded secret while the patents were still pending. Most of the old professors were content to wait for further developments while they continued to experiment with their spinning wheels. But one interested party wasn’t taking any chances: David Sarnoff, the recently appointed vice-president and General Manager of the vast Radio Corporation of America, wanted to know exactly what was happening at 202 Green Street. Sarnoff was a fiesty Russian emigre who got his first taste of the power of global communications the night he reported the sinking of the Titanic to the world from his post on the wireless for American Marconi. His star rose quickly when Marconi was absorbed by the government spawned Radio Corporation after World War I. Sarnoff built his career on a reputation for predicting the future of the electronics business. He was instrumental in shaping slightly as consumers held onto their money in anticipation of something better. What Sarnoff saw was enough to convince him that visual broadcasting would one day dwarf its sound-only predecessor. Consequently, in order to head off the threat that a new industry would obsolesce his own, Sarnoff proposed to sire the new industry himself. He began in 1930 by acquiring the services on one Vladimir K. Zworykin, a research engineer who had some experience in television. Zworykin — like Sarnoff, a Russian emigre — was introduced to the concept of television by a Russian scientist named Boris Rosing, who proposed a partially electronic television system in 1906. Zworykin fled Russian in the early 1920’s and came to America where he found work with Westinghouse as a researcher. While working for Westinghouse in 1923, Zworykin applied for a patent for a complete electronic television system, but the patents were never granted and Westinghouse failed to see much promise in the work so it was dropped. In 1930 Sarnoff learned of Zworykin’s exper Left: The first film chain was invented when the lab gang rejuvenated an old projector and rigged it up in front of the Image Dissector. Right: The San Francisco Chronicle ran this photo of Farnsworth and his invention in September 1928. radio broadcasting along the lines of a memo that he wrote long before the word “broadcasting” became common usage. In the 1920’s, he managed his company’s patent portfolio to the point that it was virtually impossible to manufacture or sell radio equipment without paying royalties to RCA. In the late 1920’s, Sarnoff realized that most of the fundamental patents covering radio would soon reach the end of their 17 year terms and expire. He also reasoned that some new kind of radio device would be invented that would eventually make the existing patents obsolete. Sarnoff concluded that if RCA could get a handle on that new kind of radio before anyone else, then he could manage the introduction of the new invention in such a way as to maximize RCA’s return on the old radio patents before they expired. In other words, if he controlled the new development as well as he controlled the old ones, then he could stall the new developments long enough to milk the radio patents for every day of their 17 year term. It comes as no surprise then that the new development which looked the most exciting to Sarnoff was not radio at all, but radiowith-a-picture. Sarnoff observed _ that everytime there was a flurry of publicity about television, radio sets sales softened ience and arranged for Zworykin to resume his work with RCA’s blessing at their wellequipped research facility in Camden, N.J: Zworykin was packing his bags, preparing to move from Pittsburg to Camden in the early Spring of 1930 when Sarnoff suggested he visit San Francisco first, to see if this upstart young inventor had invented anything that RCA would need to advance their own research. Sarnoff included one notable detail in his instructions: Zworykin was to approach Farnsworth on his own, in his present capacity, as an engineer for Westinghouse investigating the possibility of a patent license. Zworykin’s next destination after San Francisco — Camden — was not to be discussed. Why Sarnoff wanted to know what he was dealing with before Farnsworth learned who he was dealing with is not completely clear; the answer no doubt lies in a policy which served as the cornerstone of RCA’s patent portfolio, a tradition which Sarnoff intenaed to maintain with television: This unwritten but unviolated touch of management bravado required that whatever patents RCA needed, RCA owned. This policy served successfully throughout the Twenties as RCA acquired control of the patents of Marconi, Armstrong, Deforest and others and guided RCA’s legal forces through a long string of successful litigation that put dozens of small companies out of business for failure to pay patent royalties to RCA. Knowing that Sarnoff was bound to this policy, it is easier to understand that he might not want this new competitor to know that RCA was entering the arena on. an all-or-nothing basis. As it is difficult to accurately interpret Sarnoff’s motivations, it is equally difficult to assess whether Zworykin would have received a similar reception were he flying his true colors. Farnsworth tended to accept anyone who was articulate in the subject as a fellow traveler on the video frontier. Zworykin took full advantage of Farnsworth’s hospitality. A formal examination of new patents and the work that they cover is common practice in negotiating for a patent license. But Zworykin “prowled around” Farnsworth’s lab for three full days, during which time he had ample opportunity to expose himself to most of the secrets that made 202 Green Street the only address in the world with true television. Zworykin’s response to Phil’s work was for the most part cautiously complimentary. He was familiar with Phil’s cathode ray tube receiver: Zworykin himself produced some noticeable results with a similar receiver in 1929, two years after Farnsworth — but the absence of a suitable electronic camera device confined him to the use of spinning wheels on the input end during the early Thirties. His work on the picture tube was retarded by all the limitations inherent in the spinning disc approach: The system could not produce any more than 40 or 50 lines per frame because the receiver could produce no more detail than was sent by the transmitter. Reassembling an image on a photo cathode in an evacuated bottle — converting electricity back into light — was the easy side of the equation. Converting values of light into values of electricity was the missing ingredient that eluded Zworykin and his contemporaries for so long. The stroke of true genius was required to solve that one. Now Philo T. Farnsworth — twenty years Zworykin’s junior — showed him what he’d been missing. Zworykin dropped his tone of guarded praise for a moment when Farnsworth finished explaining the Image Dissector. His response revealed genuine admiration, which is not often shared between competing inventors: ‘I wish I’d invented that,”’ he sighed conceedingly. Nevertheless, at the end of his visit, Zworykin’s mood changed: Though he had been clearly impressed with \Farnsworth’s invention, he was now reluctant to dicuss the matter of a license any further. The entire matter was left up in the air. There was a curious tone in Zworykin’s sudden reversal that rattled everyone in the lab. He seemed so impressed one minute, so disinterested the next. Later that night, Phil wondered aloud to Pem if perhaps he had shown Zworykin too much. The matter was set aside when the Bell Labs announced that they had discovered a new form of cesium with a higher photo electric output than the formula that Farnsworth was using. Farnsworth was worried about the low output of his photoelectric surfaces, and the new cesium sounded like something that would noticeably improve the performance of the Image Dissector. Phil went East to see if the new substance would be useful. While Phil was out of town, George Everson received an unexpected request for a visit to the Farnsworth labs: David Sarnoff wanted to see Farnsworth’s invention for himself. It is unclear why a man with Sarnoff’s preoccupations would seek out an obscure address clear across the country; perhaps he felt that if there was anything important on Farnsworth’s bench, then his own presence would be sufficient to execute an incisive deal on his own terms. It seems more likely that he could no longer