French Impressionist Cinema: Film Culture, Film Theory, and Film Style (December 1974)

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DO nature of cinema. Derived from an idealist aesthetic of art as expression, Impressionist film theory stresses the film artist's transformation of nature through photogénie, which consists of the aesthetic functions of camerawork, optical devices, and editing. Impressionist theory locates the essence of cinema in Visual devices which express emotional and mental states of either the film-maker or the characters within the film. The style of Impressionist film-making is accordingly characterized by visual devices which indicate Subjective states. Close analysis of thirty-six ImpresSionist films by Gance, Delluc, Dulac, L'Herbier, Epstein, Kirsanoff, and others shows the prominence of subjective camerawork and optical devices, as well as rhythmic editing to convey the psychological tempo of a character's experience. [In contrast, other French cinema of the time lacks such a style. By means of a model based on Wittgenstein's concept of "family resemblances," the thesis constructs a paradigm of Impressionist style which permits comparison of Impressionism not only with contemporary non-Impressionist French cinema but also with German and Soviet styles of the time. As a historical phenomenon, Impressionist is seen to be a complex, multilayered movement in which the