French Impressionist Cinema: Film Culture, Film Theory, and Film Style (December 1974)

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a new aesthetic resource. The cinema's rise to artistic status during later years is in part due to a new attitude toward the popular arts as a whole, which Shattuck has characterized as "qa sense of exhilaration in the absurd."/ The cafe-culture of Parisian artists had included popular spectacle since the time of the Impressionists, and in the pre-war years, the avant-garde frequented dance-halls, music-halls, cafes, and circuses.8 But for several avant-garde artists the popular arts represented not only diversion but a rich source of material. In Le Cog set. L*Arlequin -(19%8)); Cocteau called for a stripped-down, hard-edged art and claimed that the music-hall and the cafe-concert were the only pure forms of music prevailing. ? Similarly yo Cocteau called Les Mariés de-la Tour Eiffel:"a\secret marriage between ancient tragedy and an end-of-year revue, between chorus and music-hall number."19 The circus also became material for an avant-garde aesthetic. Cocteau and Gleizes drew up plans for staging A Midsummer Night's Dream at Le Cirque Medrano, using music by Varése, Satie, and Stravinsky and casting the famous clowns the Fratellinis as the rustics, while Louis Durey's musical piece Scénes de Cirque and Satie's Parade reveal an attempt to use e circus spectacle aesthetically.!1